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Lutra sumatrana
Taxonomy (Name)
| Class | MAMMALIAIUCN | |
|---|---|---|
| Order | CARNIVORAIUCN | |
| Family | MUSTELIDAEIUCN | |
| Scientific Name | Lutra sumatranaIUCN | |
| Author | (Gray, 1865)IUCN | |
| Synonyms | ||
| Common Name | Hairy-nosed OtterIUCN | |
| Local name | Brunei Darussalam | |
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | Lutra Sumatera | |
| Japan | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | Memberang Hidung Berbulu | |
| Myanmar | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Republic of Korea | ||
| Thailand | ????????????????, ????????????? | |
| Vietnam | ||
Picture
Distribution, Range
The hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana, Gray 1865) is the rarest and least known among the five species of otters occurring in Asia. It is endemic to South Asia. The type specimen came from Sumatra. Once believed to be extinct, the hairy nosed otter has been rediscovered from many parts of Southeast Asia such as Thailand, Viet Nam and Cambodia. Historically, it occurred from southern Indochina to Malaysia (Sebastain 1994, 1995) and Thailand (Lekagul and Mcneely 1988, Kanchanasaka 2000). In Thailand it has been reported from Phru Toa Daeng Peat Swamp Forest (Kanchanasaka et al. 1998). From Viet Nam it has also been reported from U Minh Thuong Nature Reserve in Mekong Delta (Nguyen et al. 2001, Nguyen 2005, Nguyen et al. 2007) and from Cambodia it has been reported from Tonle Sap wetlands (Long 2000, Poole 2003, Olsson 2007). It has been reported from Malaysia at Terengganu in 2003 and from Maur in 1995. It has been recently reported in Sumatra, Indonesia (Lubis 2005). Historical records of its occurrence comes from the coast off of Penang Island (Harrison 1984), and from accidental road kill in Brunei in 1997 (Sasaki 2006). Historically it has also been reported from Myanmar as evident from the skin present in the British museum. From this, the possible range of hairy-nosed otter can be worked out which is eastward from Northeast India (Indo-china), Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia.
Map
Country
| Brunei Darussalam | |
|---|---|
| Cambodia | |
| China |  IUCN |
| Indonesia | |
| Japan | |
| Lao PDR | |
| Malaysia | IUCN |
| Myanmar | |
| Mongolia | |
| Philippines | |
| Singapore | |
| Republic of Korea | |
| Thailand | IUCN |
| Vietnam | IUCN |
Status
International Status
IUCN Red List Category
ENIUCN
Justification
This species is considered to be Endangered due to past population declines. Based on estimated of rates of decline, this species is suspected to have declined by up to 50% in the past 3 generations (30 years) due to illegal poaching and hunting, pollution, bycatch and prey depletion due to over fishing. The current rates of decline are suspected to continue into the future and further threaten this species. In its entire range the hairy nosed otter is under increasing pressure due to intensive poaching. In Cambodia, around the Tonle Sap Lake, poaching of otters and other wildlife are common practice (Somanak 2007). In Viet Nam, otters are hunted for illegal wildlife trade, for meat and medical use. Similar is the case in other range countries. The principal threat to the fauna of Southeast Asian region is the burgeoning human population, and resultant biomass demand which puts pressure on natural resources. Unavailability of adequate prey species and suitable undisturbed habitat are putting additional pressure on all wildlife species including hairy-nosed otter. From these it is concluded that the hairy-nosed otter is under stress due to its restricted range, in which its habitat is under constant pressure and that there is every possibility of reduction in its population which has been inferred and future population is suspected to be under decline which may lead to decline in the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and habitat quality. Combining with all these factors, extensive illegal exploitation of the species may lead to its extinction unless appropriate conservation measures taken. Therefore, the species have been evaluated as Endangered.
CITES
Appendix IIIUCN
CMS
National Status
| Country | Category | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | ||
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | ||
| Japan | ||
| Korea | ||
| Lao PDR | CARL | Wildlife in Lao PDR, 1999 Status Report(IUCN, 1999) (At Risk in Lao, Conditionally At Risk, Little Known, not applicable, Potentially At Risk) |
| Malaysia | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | CR | Thailand Red Data: Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians(Nabhitabhata and Chan-ard, 2005) |
| Vietnam | V | Red Data Book of Vietnam(2000) （Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare, Threatened） |
Ecology Discription
Appearance
Habitat
In Thailand it lives in Phru Toa Daeng Peat Swamp Forests (Kanchanasaka et al. 1998). In Viet Nam it has also been reported from the low lying peat swamp forests of U Minh Thuong Nature Reserve in Mekong Delta (Nguyen et al. 2001, Sage et al. 2004) and from Cambodia it has been reported from Tonle Sap wetlands (Poole 2003, Heng 2007). It inhabits freshwater and coastal areas, especially mangroves in Indonesia. Wayre (1974, 1978) considered that the Hairy-nosed otter mainly inhabited mountain streams above 300 m, Medway (1969) recorded it in the sea off Penang.
Population size
In its distribution range the species is considered as rare. It has been studied in Phru Toa Daeng Peat Swamp Forest in Thailand (Kanchanasaka et al. 1998), U Minh Thuong Nature Reserve in Viet Nam (Nguyen et al. 2001, Sage et al. 2004) and in Tonle Sap from Cambodia (Poole 2003, Heng 2007). However, their abundance or group sizes are relatively not known. In U Minha National Park though it was estimated that there were around 50-230 individuals. The species is believed to be extremely rare in Peninsular Malaysia (Sebastian 1995) and reported from scattered localities in the Borneo (Payne et al. 1985).
Behavior
Diet
The hairy nosed otter principally predate on fish (85.5%) followed by water snake and they also supplement their diet with frog, lizard, turtle, crab, mammal and insect, although these may not be that important in its diet (Kanchanasaka 2007). Fish belonging to the families Channidae, Belontiidae, Anabantidae, Notopteridae, Synbranchidae, Clariidae, Nandidae, were identified in the fecal samples from Thailand. The main prey selected were three-spot gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus), common climbing perch (Anabas testudineus), and snakeheads (Channa sp) (Kanchanasaka 2007).
Reproduction
Not much is known about its breeding behaviour but there is indication that it breeds in November-December in the Mekong delta. Kanchanasaka et al. (2003) found that gestation was around 2 months as with other otters, and cubs were seen in December to February, and one family observed consisted of both parents and a cub.
Threat
Major Threat(s)
The hairy-nosed otter has limited distribution range. In Thailand, the otters are found in the Toa Daeng peat swamp forests, and also from near the mouth of the Bang Nara River which is low lying and tidal. In Viet Nam, the species have been reported from low lying peat swamp forests dominated by Melaleuca cajuputi in lower Mekong. In Cambodia, the species mainly live around the Tonle Sap Lake where the otters live mainly in the flooded forest and scrub surrounding the lake. Like many predators the hairy-nosed otter occurs in low density and the number and frequency of sightings are very few.
In recent years, the tropical peat swamp forests are under severe threat due to fire and other anthropogenic activities such as plantation for oil palm, food crops such as rice, corn and soyabean, and fish farming. In Viet Nam the entire Mekong Delta has been converted into rice fields reducing the habitat of otter and other wildlife species into few pocks. In Malaysia, fire reduced 70% of the Binsulok Forest Reserve and 10% of the Klias Forest Reserve. This has affected the surrounding environment and the biodiversity. In Indonesia over the last 20 years, the ecosystem has been reduced from almost 30 million hectares to only about 15 million hectares, and most of what remains has already been logged selectively. Such levels of habitat modification have profound effect on the native biodiversity.
In its entire range the hairy-nosed otter is under increasing pressure due to intensive poaching (Yoxn 2007). In Cambodia, around the Tonle Sap Lake, poaching of otters and other wildlife are common practice (Somanak 2007). In Viet Nam otters are hunted for illegal wildlife trade, and also for meat and medical use. Similar is the case in other range countries.
The principal threat to the fauna of Southeast Asian region is the burgeoning human population, and resultant biomass demand which puts pressure on natural resources. Unavailability of adequate prey species and suitable undisturbed habitat are putting additional pressure on all wildlife species including hairy-nosed otter.
Conservation and Measurement
International
Lutra sumatrana is listed in Appendix II of the CITES.IUCN
National
It is legally protected in all the range countries. In Thailand all the otter species have been protected since 1961 under Wild Animals Preservation and Protection Act and are listed as endangered species in Thailand Red Data Book (Nabhitabhata and Chan-ard, 2005). In Viet Nam, otters are protected and their hunting and use is strictly banned. In Cambodia, the hairy-nosed otter is listed as ?Rare? and is fully protected. In Sarawak all otter species are protected by the First Schedule [Section 2(1)] PART II on Protected Animals from the Wild Life Protection Ordinance, 1998.
Conservation law
| Country | Status | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | ||
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | Protected Animals | Goverment Regulation no. 7 / 1999, about Preservation of Plants and Animals |
| Japan | ||
| Korea | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | Totally Protected Wild Animals | Law of Malaysia Act 76, Protection of Wild Life Act 1972 (Amend. 2006) |
| Mongolia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam | Group I: Prohibiting Exploitation and Use for Commercial Purposes | The Government Decree 32/2006/ND-CP, Dated 30th March 2006 on Management of Endangered, Precious and Rare Species of Wild Plants and Animals |
Protected Area
Other Coservation Projects
Citation
Harrison, B. 1984. Otters and fishing. Institute of fisheries Management News 14: 4-6.
Hussain, S. A. 2004. Lutra sumatrana. In: IUCN (ed.), 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Gland. Switzerland.
IUCN. 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 5 October 2008).
Kanchanasaka, B. 2000. The status of otters in Thailand and a note on the discovery of three hairy-nosed otter cubs. Proceedings of the workshop on conservation and public awareness of otters. Taiwan.
Kanchanasaka, B., Arsai, D. and Thumchimplee, C. 2003. Status and Distribution of the Hairy-nosed Otter (Lutra sumatrana) in Thailand. Wildlife Research Division?s Annual Report. National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department.
Kanchanasakha, B. K. 2007. Food Habitats of the Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) and the Small clawed otter (Amblonyx cinerea) in Pru Toa Daeng Peat Swamp Rorest, Southern Thailand. Presentation at Xth International Otter Colloquium. Hwacheon, South Korea.
Kanchanasakha, B., Simcharoen, S. and Tin Than, U. 1998. Carnivores of Mainland South-East Asia. Endangered Species Unit, WWF-Thailand Project Office, Thailand.
Koepfli, K-P., Kanchanasaka, B., Sasaki, H., Jacques, H., Louie, K. D. Y., Toanvong Hoai, Dang, N. X., Geffen, E., Gutleb, A., Han, S-Y., Heggberget, T. M., Lafontaine, L., Lee, H., Melisch, R., Ruiz-Olmo, J., Santos-Reis, M., Sidorovich, V. E., Stubbe, M. and Wayne, R. K. 2008. Establishing the foundation for an applied molecular taxonomy of otters in Southeast Asia. Conservation Genetics.
Lekagul, B. and Mcneely, J. A. 1988. Mammals of Thailand. White Lotus Press, Bangkok, Thailand.
Long, B. 2000. The Hairy-Nosed Otter (Lutra sumatrana) in Cambodia. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 17(2): 91.
Lubis, R. 2005. First Recent Record of Hairy-Nosed Otter in Sumatra, Indonesia. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 18(1): 14-20.
Medway, L. 1969. The wild mammals of Malaya and offshore islands including Singapore. Oxford University Press, London, UK and Oxford, UK.
Nabhitabhata, J. and Chanard, T. 2005. Thailand Red Data: Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians. Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok, Thailand.
Nguyen Vu Khoi and Hoang Xuan Thuy. 2007. Initial recording behaviour of Lutra sumatrana in U Minh Thuong National Park, Mekong delta- Vietnam. Hwacheon, South Korea.
Nguyen, X. D. 2005. Current Status Of Otters (Mammalia: Lutrinae) in Vietnam With Conservation Implications. Tiger Paper 33(3): 8-14.
Nguyen, X. D., Pham, T. A. and Le, H. T. 2001. New Information about the Hairy-Nosed Otter (Lutra sumatrana) in Vietnam. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 18(2): 64-75.
Olsson, A., Heng, S., Peove, S. and Nop, N. 2007. Cambodian otter research and conservation project. Presentation at Xth International Otter Colloquium. Hwacheon, South Korea.
Pocock, R. I. 1941. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor & Francis, Ltd., London, UK.
Poole, C. M. 2003. The First Records of Hairy-Nosed Otter Lutra sumatrana from Cambodia with Notes on the National Status of Three Other Otter Species. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 51(2): 273?280.
Sebastian, A. 1995. The Hairy-nosed otter in Peninsular Malaysia. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 11: 3.
Wayre, P. 1974. Otters in Western Malaysia. Otter Trust Annual Report 1974.
Wayre, P. 1978. Status of otters in Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Italy. In: N. Duplaix (ed.), Otters, pp. 152-155. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Yoxon, P. and Yoxon, G. 2007. Otters ? the Forgotten Victims of Wildlife Crime. IOSF Press Release