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Prionailurus viverrinus
Taxonomy (Name)
| Class | MAMMALIAIUCN | |
|---|---|---|
| Order | CARNIVORAIUCN | |
| Family | FELIDAEIUCN | |
| Scientific Name | Prionailurus viverrinusIUCN | |
| Author | (Bennett, 1833) IUCN | |
| Synonyms | ||
| Common Name | Fishing CatIUCN | |
| Local name | Brunei Darussalam | |
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | Kucing bakau | |
| Japan | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Republic of Korea | ||
| Thailand | ??????? | |
| Vietnam | ||
Picture
Distribution, Range
Map
Country
| Brunei Darussalam | |
|---|---|
| Cambodia |  |
| China | |
| Indonesia | |
| Japan | |
| Lao PDR | |
| Malaysia | |
| Myanmar | |
| Mongolia | |
| Philippines | |
| Singapore | |
| Republic of Korea | |
| Thailand | |
| Vietnam | |
Status
International Status
IUCN Red List Category
ENIUCN
Justification
Fishing cats are widely distributed but concentrated primarily in wetland habitats, which are increasingly being settled, degraded and converted. Over 45% of protected wetlands and 94% of globally significant wetlands in Southeast Asia are considered threatened (Dugan 1993). Threats to wetlands include human settlement, draining for agriculture, pollution, and excessive hunting, wood-cutting and fishing. In addition, clearance of coastal mangroves over the past decade has been rapid. The depletion of fish stocks from over-fishing is prevalent and is likely to be a significant threat.
There appears to have been a severe decline in the fishing cat population throughout much of its Asian range over the last decade. While this period has seen a great increase in research effort, relatively few records of fishing cats have been obtained (Nekaris 2003, Duckworth et al. 2005). For example, recent research in Thailand aimed at studying fishing cats in wetland habitat have failed to find any animals in recent years, despite intensive camera trapping efforts (Cincinnati Zoo Fishing Cat Conservation project website; J Howard pers. comm. 2007). Fishing cats have disappeared from Bharatpur, India within the past five years, and may also have been lost from southwestern India and Pakistan. Based on continued range contraction, decline in habitat quality, and actual levels of exploitation of fish stocks and potential levels of incidental poisoning and snaring of fishing cats, a decline of at least 50% is suspected over the past 18 years (= three generations) , and if habitat protection efforts are not intensified, a future decline of similar magnitude over the next 18 years is projected (IUCN Cats Red List Workshop 2007).
CITES
Appendix IIIUCN
CMS
National Status
| Country | Category | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | ||
| Cambodia | EN | Endangered Spacies in Cambodia(WWF) http://cambodia.panda.org/wwf_in_cambodia/endangered_species |
| China | ||
| Indonesia | ||
| Japan | ||
| Korea | ||
| Lao PDR | LKL | Wildlife in Lao PDR, 1999 Status Report(IUCN, 1999) (At Risk in Lao, Conditionally At Risk, Little Known, not applicable, Potentially At Risk) |
| Malaysia | VU | Red List of Mammals for Peninsular Malaysia(DWNP, 2010) |
| Mongolia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | VU | Thailand Red Data: Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians(Nabhitabhata and Chan-ard, 2005) |
| Vietnam | RL | Red Data Book of Vietnam(2000) （Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare, Threatened） |
Ecology Discription
Appearance
Habitat
Fishing Cats are strongly associated with wetland. They are typically found in swamps and marshy areas, oxbow lakes, reed beds, tidal creeks and mangrove areas and are more scarce around smaller, fast-moving watercourses. Along watercourses they have been recorded at elevations up to 1,525 m, but most records are from lowland areas. Although fishing cats are widely distributed through a variety of habitat types (including both evergreen and tropical dry forest: Rabinowitz and Walker 1991), their occurrence tends to be highly localized (Nowell and Jackson 1996).
Population size
There is concern about the species status in Southeast Asia where it is very infrequently encountered and believed to be declining (Southeast Asia regional mammal assessment, 2003). There are very few records from camera trapping in Lao (Duckworth pers. comm. 2003) or Cambodia, although there are a sizeable number of confiscated live captive animals there (Duckworth et al. 2005). There have been declines in Thailand (Anak pers. comm. 2003) where it is very rarely encountered (Steinmetz pers. comm. 2003) and was more common in the past (Anak pers. comm. 2003). The fishing cat could not be confirmed in any reserves in Viet Nam during a survey of wildlife officers (Johnsingh and Nguyen 1995). In 2004, the Fishing Cat SSP and the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden funded a field survey by Thai biologists Namfon Boontua and Budsabong Kanchanasaka to locate fishing cats in prime wetland areas in southern Thailand. Four months of camera trapping failed to find any sign of fishing cats despite confirmed presence of numerous other wildlife species. There have also been big declines in Lao PDR (W. Duckworth pers. comm), as well as on the island of Java, where the population, possibly a valid subspecies Prionailurus viverrinus rizophoreus (Sody 1936), may qualify as Critically Endangered (Boeadi pers. comm.; Melisch et al. 1996). In India it has apparently been extirpated from large parts of its range in recent years (S. Mukherjee and J.A. Khan pers. comm. 2007), and it may no longer occur in Pakistan.
Behavior
The only radio-telemetry study took place in Nepal's Chitwan National Park in the early 1990s. Cats were active only at night and spent most of their time in dense tall and short grasslands, sometimes well away from water. Home ranges of three females were 4?6 km2; that of a single male was larger at 16?22 km2 (JLD Smith pers comm. in Sunquist and Sunquist 2002).
Fishing cats have been observed in degraded habitats, such as near aquaculture ponds with little vegetation outside the Indian city of Calcutta (P. Sanyal in Anon. 1989).
Diet
Fishing cats are good swimmers, and unlike most other small cats may prey primarily on fish rather than small mammals. A one-year study of scats in India's Keoladeo National Park found that fish comprised 76% of the diet, followed by birds (27%), insects (13%) and small rodents last (9%) (Haque and Vijayan 1993). Molluscs, reptiles and amphibians are also taken (Haque and Vijayan 1993, Mukherjee 1989). However, they are capable of taking large mammal prey, including small chital fawns (Nowell and Jackson 1996, Sunquist and Sunquist 2002), and have been seen scavenging livestock carcasses and tiger kills (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Predation on small domestic livestock and dogs has also been reported (Nowell and Jackson 1996).
Reproduction
Threat
Major Threat(s)
Wetland destruction and degradation is the primary threat faced by the species (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Over 45% of protected wetlands and 94% of globally significant wetlands in Southeast Asia are considered threatened (Dugan 1993). Threats to wetlands include human settlement, draining for agriculture, pollution, and excessive hunting, wood-cutting and fishing. In addition, clearance of coastal mangroves over the past decade has been rapid in Tropical Asia. The depletion of fish stocks from over-fishing is prevalent in many Asian wetland environments and is likely to be a significant threat. While fishing cats appear relatively tolerant of modified habitats, they are also vulnerable to accidental snaring, while generally not being a commercially valued species (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Widespread indiscriminate snaring, trapping and poisoning are believed to underlie recent declines in Southeast Asia, where fishing cats have not been found even in seemingly intact wetland habitats (Southeast Asia regional mammal assessment, 2003). Kolipaka (2006) reported that fishermen have killed and eaten fishing cats which they say had taken fish from their nets. Wetlands are under-represented in the matrix of Asian protected areas (W. Duckworth pers. comm.). Fishing cat skins have been found in illegal trade in India for many years (Sunquist and Sunquist 2002, Anon 2005).
Conservation and Measurement
International
Included on CITES Appendix II. IUCN
National
Protected by national legislation over most of its range. Hunting prohibited: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand. Hunting regulations apply in Lao PDR. No protection outside protected areas: Bhutan, Viet Nam (Nowell and Jackson 1996). The Fishing Cat is confirmed to occur in protected areas including the Sundarbans (Bangladesh and India), Chitwan (Nepal), Corbett, Dudwha, and Kaziranga (India) (IUCN Cats Red List workshop 2007), Khao Sam Roi Yot and Thale Noi (Thailand: Cutter and Cutter 2009), Botum-Sakor (Cambodia: Royan 2009) and Ujung Kulon and Pulau Dua (Java, Indonesia: A. Compost in Duckworth et al. 2009).
Conservation of the species depends on adequate protection of remaining wild wetlands in Asia, and prevention of indiscriminate trapping, snaring and poisoning.
Conservation law
| Country | Status | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | ||
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | Protected Animals (as Felis viverrinus) | Goverment Regulation no. 7 / 1999, about Preservation of Plants and Animals |
| Japan | ||
| Korea | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | Protected Wild Animal, Part III Other Protected Animals? (as Felis viverrina) | Law of Malaysia Act 76, Protection of Wild Life Act 1972 (Amend. 2006) |
| Mongolia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam | Group I: Prohibiting Exploitation and Use for Commercial Purposes | The Government Decree 32/2006/ND-CP, Dated 30th March 2006 on Management of Endangered, Precious and Rare Species of Wild Plants and Animals |
Protected Area
The Fishing Cat is confirmed to occur in protected areas including the Sundarbans (Bangladesh and India), Chitwan (Nepal), Corbett, Dudwha, and Kaziranga (India) (IUCN Cats Red List workshop 2007), Khao Sam Roi Yot and Thale Noi (Thailand: Cutter and Cutter 2009), Botum-Sakor (Cambodia: Royan 2009) and Ujung Kulon and Pulau Dua (Java, Indonesia: A. Compost in Duckworth et al. 2009).
Other Coservation Projects
Citation
Anonymous. 1989. Cats around Calcutta. Cat News 11: 16.
Anonymous. 2005. Fishing cat found dead in central India. Cat News 43: 33.
Anonymous. 2005. Fishing cat poachers trapped. Cat News 43: 33.
Cutter, P., and Cutter, P. 2009. Recent sightings of fishing cats in Thailand. Cat News 51: 12-13.
Duckworth, J. W., Poole, C. M., Tizard, R. J., Walston, J. L. and Timmins, R. J. 2005. The Jungle Cat Felis chaus in Indochina: A threatened population of a widespread and adaptable species. Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 1263-1280.
Duckworth, J.W., Shepherd, C.R., Semiadi, G., Schauenberg, P., Sanderson, S., Roberton, S.I., O'Brien, T.G., Maddox, T., Linkie, M., Holden, J., and Brickle, N.W. 2009. Does the Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus inhabit Sumatra? Cat News 51: 4-9.
Dugan, P. 1993. Wetlands in danger: conservation atlas. Mitchell Beazley and IUCN, London, UK.
Eizirik, E., Johnson, W. E. and O'Brien, S. J. Submitted. Molecular systematics and revised classification of the family Felidae (Mammalia, Carnivora). Journal of Mammalogy.
European Commission, Joint Research Centre. 2003. Global Land Cover 2000 database.
Haque, N. M. and Vijayan, V. 1993. Food habits of the fishing cat Felis viverrina in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 90: 498-500.
IUCN. 2006. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (vers. 6.2). IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN. 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 5 October 2008).
IUCN. 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2010.2). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 29 June 2010).
Johnsingh, A. J. T. and Nguyen Huu Dung. 1995. Conservation status of felids in Viet Nam. WII Newsletter 2(1): 6.
Johnson, W. E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W. J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E. and O'Brien, S. J. 2006. The late miocene radiation of modern felidae: A genetic assesstment. Science 311: 73-77.
Kawanishi, K. and Sunquist, M. 2003. Possible new records of fishing cat from Peninsular Malaysia. Cat News 39: 3-5.
Khan, M. M. H. 2004. Ecology and Conservation of the Bengal Tiger in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh. University of Cambridge, Department of Anatomy.
Kolipaka, S. 2006. Fishing cat on India's east coast. Cat News 44: 22.
Melisch, R., Asmoro, P. B., Lubis, I. R. and Kusumawardhani, L. 1996. Distribution and status of the Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus rhizophoreus Sody, 1936) in West Java, Indonesia (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae). Faunistische Abhandlungen,Staatiliches Museum fuer Tierkunde Dresden 20(17): 311.
Mukherjee, S. 1989. Ecological separation of four sympatric carnivores in Keoladeo Ghana National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India. Thesis, Wildlife Institute of India.
Nekaris, K. A. I. 2003. Distribution and behaviour of three small wild cats in Sri Lanka. Cat News 38: 30-32.
Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. 1996. Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
O'Brien, S. J. and Johnson, W. E. 2007. The evolution of cats. Scientific American July: 68-75.
Rabinowitz, A. R. and Walker, S. K. 1991. The carnivore community in a dry tropical forest mosaic in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Journal of Tropical Ecology 7: 37-47.
Roberts, T. J. 1977. The Mammals of Pakistan. Ernest Benn, London, UK.
Royan, A. 2009. Confirmation of the endangered fishing cat in Botum-Sakor National Park, Cambodia. Cat News 51: 10-11.
Sody, H. J. V. 1936. Seventeen new generic, specific , and subspecific names for Dutch Indian mammals. Natuur Kundig Tijidschriff voor Nederlandisch-Indie 96: 42-55.
Sunquist, M. and Sunquist, F. 2002. Wild Cats of the World. University of Chicago Press.