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Hylobates moloch

Taxonomy (Name)

Class MAMMALIAIUCN
Order DIPROTODONTIAIUCN
Family HYLOBATIDAEIUCN
Scientific Name Hylobates molochIUCN
Author (Audebert, 1798)IUCN
Synonyms Hylobates cinera Cuvier, 1798
Hylobates javanicus Matchie, 1893
Hylobates leucisca (Schreber, 1799)
Hylobates pongoalsoni Sody, 1949 IUCN
Common Name Silvery Javan Gibbon, Javan Gibbon, Moloch Gibbon, Owa Jawa, Silvery Gibbon
Local name Brunei Darussalam  
Cambodia  
China  
Indonesia Owa, Kera tak berbuntut (semua jenis dari familiHylobatidae)
Japan  
Lao PDR  
Malaysia  
Myanmar  
Mongolia  
Philippines  
Singapore  
Republic of Korea  
Thailand  
Vietnam  

 

Picture

 

 

Distribution, Range

Hylobates moloch is endemic to Java (Indonesia). It is mostly confined to Java's western provinces (Banten and West Java), but is also present in central Java (as far east as the Dieng Mountains).

IUCN

Map

Country

Brunei Darussalam  
Cambodia  
China  
Indonesia checkIUCN
Japan  
Lao PDR  
Malaysia  
Myanmar  
Mongolia  
Philippines  
Singapore  
Republic of Korea  
Thailand  
Vietnam  

 

Status

International Status

IUCN Red List Category

ENIUCN

Justification

Listed as Endangered because its population size is estimated to number fewer than 2,500 mature individuals, there is an observed continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, and no subpopulation contains more than 250 mature individuals. The change in status from Critically Endangered to Endangered reflects the availability of better information and does not suggest that the threats have decreased; in fact, threats continue to increase but do not yet reach the level necessary to be classified as Critically Endangered. There is concern about the legal status of the largest populations; this species, therefore, should be periodically reassessed so that current status and persistent threats are monitored.

IUCN

CITES

Appendix IIUCN

CMS

 

National Status

Country Category Reference
Brunei Darussalam    
Cambodia    
China    
Indonesia    
Japan    
Korea    
Lao PDR    
Malaysia    
Mongolia    
Myanmar    
Philippines    
Singapore    
Thailand    
Vietnam    

 

 

Ecology Discription

Appearance

 

Habitat

Hylobates molochresides in floristically rich patches of relatively undisturbed lowland to lower montane rainforest mostly below 1,600 m, but sometimes up to 2,000?2,400 m (Nijman 2004). It can also tolerate moderately disturbed forest.

IUCN

Population size

From 1994-2002, Nijman (2004) assessed the entirety of the silvery gibbon's population in its known areas of occurrence by using fixed-point counts and forest transect walks, as well as by a review of literature. Their presence was detected by listening for gibbon song, and affirmed by local park officers and residents. He estimates that between 4,000?4,500 individuals remain in over 15 different locations. Over 95% of the gibbons are in populations of more than 100 individuals, and the four largest areas support populations of more than 500 individuals each (Nijman 2004). Asquith (2001) reported that in 1995 nine local populations had gone extinct, though Nijman found two of these locales to still harbor silvery gibbons. This is attributed to the effects of habitat disturbance and low population density on calling frequency, and suggests an under-representation of gibbon abundance and number of remaining populations (Nijman 2004). Small populations of the species are likely to go extinct; however, this will not impact the overall population estimate in the immediate future (Nijman pers. comm.).
Median population density ranges are 2.7 groups/km2 or 9.0 individuals/km2 in lowland forest (<500 m), 2.6 groups/km2 or 8.6 individuals/km2 for hill forest (500-1,000 m), and 0.6 groups/km2 or 1.5 individuals/km2 for lower montane forest (1000-1,750 m) (Geissmann and Nijman 2006; Nijman 2004).

IUCN

Behavior

Home ranges in Ujung Kulon cover about 17 ha (Kappeler 1981, 1984). Inter-birth intervals in wild gibbons are typically 3-3.5 years (Leighton 1987; Palombit 1992), and age of sexual maturity and/or the age of dispersal in wild gibbons is about 8-10 years (Brockelman et al. 1998; Geissmann 1991), but the age at first reproduction may be about 10-12 years (Brockelman et al. 1998) .

IUCN

Diet

The species is strictly arboreal and diurnal, and mainly frugivorous (Kappeler 1981, 1984).

IUCN

Reproduction

 

 

Threat

Major Threat(s)

The historical deforestation that affected Java in colonial times still maintains an overriding presence on the landscape, effectively restricting the arboreal silvery gibbon to continuous tracks of forest around mountain and volcano tops. However, habitat disturbance today is relatively slow, and populations of gibbons, while isolated, are substantial in size. Wildlife trade exerts an as yet un-quantified effect on Hylobates moloch (Nijman 2005). Populations seem to have become more or less stabilized in recent years as overall loss of habitat reached a climax some time ago. Though habitat loss continues, it is at a much slower rate today.

IUCN

 

Conservation and Measurement

International

CITES, Appendix I.IUCN

National

 

Conservation law

Country Status Reference
Brunei Darussalam    
Cambodia    
China    
Indonesia Protected Animals Goverment Regulation no. 7 / 1999, about Preservation of Plants and Animals
Japan    
Korea    
Lao PDR    
Malaysia    
Mongolia    
Myanmar    
Philippines    
Singapore    
Thailand    
Vietnam    

 

Protected Area

Three of the 15 locales that support the largest populations of silvery gibbons surveyed by Nijman are in national parks, while five are part of, or the entirety of, so-called "strict nature reserves". The remaining seven locales are unprotected; approximately half of the remaining populations collectively reside here. In the interest of this species, it is these areas that require some level of increased protection (Nijman 2004). The second largest population of this species (for example in the Dieng Mountains) is not in a protected area.

IUCN

Other Coservation Projects

In 2003, 56 Javan gibbons were maintained at eight Indonesian zoos, 15 at four Indonesian wildlife rescue centers, with five potential breeding pairs. There is no evidence that the species has bred successfully in captivity in Indonesia. Outside the range country, 48 Javan gibbons were maintained at ten institutions in nine countries, with six breeding pairs. The total ex-situ population is some 120 individuals, the majority of which are wild-caught (Nijman 2006).

IUCN

 

Citation

Andayani, N., Morales, J. C., Forstner, M. R. J., Supriatna, J. and Melnick, D. J. 2001. Genetic variability in mtDNA of the silvery gibbon: implications for the conservation of a critically endangered species. Conservation Biology 15(3): 770.

Andayani, N., Supriatna, J., Morales, J. C. and Melnick, D. 1998. The phylogenetic studies of Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch) using mtDNA analysis. Abstracts, Third International Great Apes of the World Conference, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, July 3-6, 1998, Orangutan Foundation International, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Anonymous. 1991. The Javan silvery gibbon needs your help! Australian Primatol 6(2): 8-9.

Anonymous. 1994. Javan gibbon and langur population and habitat viability analysis. Asian Primates 4(1): 2-4.

Asquith, N. 1993. The status of the silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in Ujung Kulon National Park, Jawa. Tropical Biology 1: 179 - 181.

Asquith, N. 1995. Javan gibbon conservation: why habitat protection is crucial. Tropical Biology 3(3): 63 ? 65.

Asquith, N. 2001. Misdirections in conservation biology. Conservation Biology 15: 345 -352.

Asquith, N., Martarinza, M. and Sinaga, R. M. 1995. The Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch): status and conservation recommendations. Tropical Biology 3(3): 1 ? 14.

Birkett, L. 2005. Conservation strategies for the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch): With a focus on reintroduction and captive care. Bachelor's Thesis, University of Oxford.

Bolton, W. 2002. Tea and coffee on Java, consumption in the UK and the Javan gibbon: Is there a link? M.Sc. Thesis.

Brockelman, W. Y., Reichard, U., Treesucon, U. and Raemaekers, R. J. J. 1998. Dispersal, pair formation and social structure in gibbons (Hylobates lar). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 42(5): 329 ? 339.

Cocks, L. 2005. International Studbook for Javan Gibbons (Hylobates moloch). Perth Zoological Gardens, Perth, Australia.

Dallmann, R. and Geissmann, T. 2001. Different levels of variability in the female song of wild silvery gibbons (Hylobates moloch). Behaviour 138: 629-648.

Dallmann, R. and Geissmann, T. 2001. Individuality in the female songs of wild silvery gibbons (Hylobates moloch) on Java, Indonesia. Contributions to Zoology 70: 41-50.

Dallmann, T. and Geissmann, T. 2009. Individual and geographical variability in the songs of wild silvery gibbons (Hylobates moloch) on Java, Indonesia. In: S. M. Lappan and D. Whittacker (eds), Wild Gibbon Populations: New Perspectives on Small Ape Socioecology and Population Biology, pp. ?-?. Springer, New York, USA.

Gates, D. 1992. Report on the silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch) project at Perth Zoo, June-November 1991. Asian Primates 1(4): 6-7.

Gates, D. 1996. In situ conservation in Java ? Perth Zoo's silvery gibbon project. International Zoo News 43(5): 327-329.

Gates, D. 1998. In situ and ex situ status of the silvery or moloch gibbon Hylobates moloch. International Zoo Yearbook 36: 81?84.

Gates, D. 2002. Javan gibbon rescue and rehabilitation center. Asian Primates 8(1-2): 23-25.

Geissmann, T. 1991. Reassessment of age of sexual maturity in gibbons (Hylobates spp.). American journal of primatology 23: 11-22.

Geissmann, T. and Nijman, V. 2006. Calling in wild silvery gibbons (Hylobates moloch) in Java (Indonesia): Behavior, phylogeny, and conservation. American Journal of Primatology 68: 1-19.

Geissmann, T., Bohlen-Eyring, S. and Heuck, A. 2005. The male song of the Javan silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Contributions to Zoology 74: 1 - 25.

Geissmann, T., Dallmann, R. and Pastorini, J. 2002. The Javan silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch): Are there several subspecies? Caring for primates. Abstracts of the XIXth congress of the International Primatological Society, 4th - 9th August, 2002, Beijing, China, pp. 120. Mammalogical Society of China, Beijing, China.

Hilton-Taylor, C. (ed.). 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Indrawan, M., Supriyadi, D., Supriatna, J. and Andayani, N. 1996. Javan gibbon surviving at a mined forest in Gunung Pongkor, Mount Halimun National Park, west Java: considerable toleration to disturbances. Asian Primates 5(3 ? 4): 11 ? 13.

Kappeler, M. 1981. The Javan silvery gibbon (Hylobates lar moloch), habitat, distribution, numbers. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basel.

Kappeler, M. 1984. Diet and feeding behaviour of the moloch gibbon. In: H. Preuschoft, D. Chivers, W. Brockelman and N. Creel (eds), The lesser apes. Evolutionary and behavioural biology, pp. 228-241. Edinburgh, Scotland.

Kappeler, M. 1984. The gibbon in Java. In: H. Preuschoft, D. Chivers, W. Brockelman and N. Creel (eds), The lesser apes. Evolutionary and behavioural biology, pp. 19-31. Edinburgh, Scotland.

Kappeler, M. 1984. Vocal bouts and territorial maintenance in the moloch gibbon. In: H. Preuschoft, D. Chivers, W. Brockelman and N. Creel (eds), The lesser apes. Evolutionary and behavioural biology, pp. 376-389. Edinburgh, Scotland.

Leighton, D. 1987. Gibbons: Territoriality and monogamy. In: B. Smuts, D. Cheney, R. Seyfarth, R. Wrangham and T. Struhsaker (eds), Primate societies, pp. 135-145. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA and London, UK.

Nijman, V. 1995. Remarks on the occurrence of gibbons in central Java. Primate Conservation 16: 66 ? 67.

Nijman, V. 2001. Forest (and) primates: Conservation and ecology of the endemic primates of Java and Borneo. Ph.D. Thesis, Tropenbos-Kalimantan Series Vol. 5, Tropenbos International.

Nijman, V. 2004. Conservation of the Javan gibbon Hylobates moloch: population estimates, local extinctions, and conservation priorities. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52(1): 271 ? 280.

Nijman, V. 2005. In full swing. An assessment of the trade in orangutans and gibbons on Java and Bali, Indonesia. TRAFFIC South-east Asia Report, Kuala Lumpur.

Nijman, V. 2006. In-situ and ex-situ status of the Javan Gibbon and the role of zoos in conservation of the species. Contributions to Zoology 75(2-4): 161 ? 168.

Nijman, V. and Sozer, R. 1995. Recent observations of the grizzled leaf monkey (Presbytis comata) and extension of the range of the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in central Java. Tropical Biodiversity 3(1): 45 ? 48.

Nijman, V. and van Balen, S. 1998. A faunal survey of the Dieng Mountains, central Java, Indonesia: distribution and conservation of endemic primate taxa. Oryx 32(2): 145 ? 156.

Palombit, R. 1992. Pair bonds and monogamy in wild siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) and white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) in northern Sumatra. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California.

Rinaldi, D. 1999. Food preferences and habitat utilization of Java gibbon (Hylobates moloch Audebert) in Ujung Kulon National Park, West Java, Indonesia. M.Sc. Thesis, Georg-August University.

Supriatna, J. 2006. Conservation programs for the endangered Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Primate Conservation 21: 155-162.

Supriatna, J., Andayani, N., Forstner, M. and Melnick, D. 1999. A molecular approach to the conservation of the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch). In: J. Supriatna and B. O. Manullang (eds), Proceedings of the international workshop on Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) rescue and rehabilitation, pp. 25-31. Conservation International Indonesia Program, and Center for Biodiversity and Conservation Studies, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Supriatna, J. and Hendras, E. 2000. Paduan Lapangan - Primata Indonesia. Jayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Supriatna, J. and Manullang, B. 1999. Proceedings of the international workshop on Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) rescue and rehabilitation.. Jakarta, Indonesia.

Supriatna, J., Tilson, R., Gurmaya, K., Manansang, J., Wardojo, W., Sriyanto, A., Teare, A., Castle, K. and Seal, U. 1994. Javan gibbon and Javan langur: Population and habitat viability analysis report. IUCN / SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota.

Whitten, T., Soeriaatmadja, R. and Afiff, S. 1997. The ecology of Java and Bali. The Ecology of Indonesia Series vol. 2. Oxford, UK.

IUCN