TOP > 生物多様性センターの国際協力 > ESABII > Database > Threatened Mammal Species Database > Nomascus concolor
Nomascus concolor
Taxonomy (Name)
| Class | MAMMALIAIUCN | |
|---|---|---|
| Order | DIPROTODONTIAIUCN | |
| Family | HYLOBATIDAEIUCN | |
| Scientific Name | Nomascus concolorIUCN | |
| Author | (Harlan, 1826)IUCN | |
| Synonyms | Hylobates concolor (Harlan, 1826) Nomascus harlani Lesson, 1827 Nomascus henrici de Pousargues, 1897 Nomascus niger Ogilby, 1840 IUCN |
|
| Common Name | Black Crested Gibbon, Black Gibbon, Crested Gibbon, Indochinese GibbonIUCN | |
| Local name | Brunei Darussalam | |
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | ||
| Japan | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Republic of Korea | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam | ||
Picture
Distribution, Range
The species as a whole occurs discontinuously in southwestern China, northwestern Lao PDR and northern Viet Nam (Geissmann et al. 2000). One thousand years ago, gibbons that may have been crested gibbons (genus Nomascus ) were distributed over a large part of southern and central China up to the Yellow River (Geissmann 1995; Geissmann et al. 2000; van Gulik 1967).
Nomascus concolor concolor
This taxon occurs in southern China (southwestern Yunnan) and northern Viet Nam (Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Son La, and Lai Chau provinces) (Geissmann et al. 2000). It is found between the Song Da (Black) and Song Hong (Red) Rivers, north to 23°45?N and south to about 20°N (Groves 2001). Reported occurrences west of the Black River are unconfirmed (T. Geissmann pers. comm.).
Nomascus concolor furvogaster
This taxon occurs in southern China (southwestern Yunnan). It is found only in a small region near the Myanmar border, west of the Mekong River (23°15??23°40?N, 99°05??99°29?E) (Groves 2001).
Nomascus concolor jingdongensis
This taxon occurs in southern China (west-central Yunnan). It is found only in a small region around Wuliang Mountain, between the Mekong and Chuanhe rivers (about 24 to 25°N) (Groves 2001).
N. concolor lu
This taxon occurs in northwestern Lao PDR. An isolated population, it is known for certain only in a tiny area in on the east bank of the Mekong at about 20°17?? 20°25?N (Groves 2001). It is confirmed in Nam Ha National Protected Area, Luang Namtha province, and in the Nam Kan Provincial Protected Area, Bokeo province (Geissmann 2007; Johnson et al. 2005).
Map
Country
| Brunei Darussalam | |
|---|---|
| Cambodia | |
| China |  IUCN |
| Indonesia | |
| Japan | |
| Lao PDR | IUCN |
| Malaysia | |
| Myanmar | |
| Mongolia | |
| Philippines | |
| Singapore | |
| Republic of Korea | |
| Thailand | |
| Vietnam | IUCN |
Status
International Status
IUCN Red List Category
CRIUCN
Justification
The species is listed as Critically Endangered as there is an estimate of over 80% decline in the last 45 years (3 generations) due primarily to hunting and habitat loss.
CITES
Appendix IIUCN
CMS
National Status
| Country | Category | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | ||
| Cambodia | ||
| China | E(as Hylobates concolor) | China Red Data book of Endangered Animals(1998) （Extinct, Extirpated, Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare, Interninate） |
| Indonesia | ||
| Japan | ||
| Korea | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam | E(as Hylobates concolor concolor) | Red Data Book of Vietnam(2000) （Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare, Threatened） |
Ecology Discription
Appearance
Habitat
This species occurs in subtropical and montane evergreen, semi-evergreen and deciduous forest (Geissmann et al. 2000; Jiang et al. 2006). In China it is likely restricted to broadleaved evergreen forests (Geissmann et al. 2000). In Yunnan province, N. c. concolor and N. c. jingdongensis occur at altitudes ranging from 1,900 to 2,700 m (Bleisch and Chen 1991; Jiang et al. 2006), but at other sites in Yunnan the species may also occur at elevations as low as 500 m (Lan 1989a,b). In northern Viet Nam, the species was reported to occur at elevations of 1,600-2,000 m (Dao Van Tien 1983). A survey area in Nam Kan National Biodiversity Conservation Area, Lao PDR, covered an altitudes range of about 440-900 m, but gibbon habitat and gibbons mainly occurred at altitudes above 550 m (Geissmann 2007).
Population size
The global population is estimated at approximately 1,300-2,000 individuals (T. Geissmann pers. comm.2006). There are known declines and local population extinctions throughout the species? range (Geissmann et al. 2000, 2003; Ni and Ma 2006). The overall rate of decline is extremely severe.
Density estimates for N. c. concolor and N. c. jingdongensis in Yunnan province (China) range from 0.43 to 0.82 groups/km2 (Chan et al. 2005), with a mean of 0.6 groups/km2 (Geissmann pers. comm. 2006). Using an average group size of 5.0 individuals, this would translate into a density of about 3 individuals/km2 (T. Geissmann pers. comm. 2006). For N. c. lu in Lao PDR, a short survey covering an area of 20 km2 in the Nam Kan National Biodiversity Conservation Area suggests a density of 0.45 groups/km2 or 1.6 individuals/km2, using a more conservative average group size of 3.4 individuals (T. Geissmann pers. comm. 2006).
Population estimates for the Chinese portion of this species range from about 200 to 260 groups (Jiang et al. 2006). Using an average group size of 5.0 individuals, this would translate into 1,000 to 1,300 individuals. Perhaps the most important subpopulation in China resides in the Wuliang Mountains and numbers about 100 groups (Jiang et al. 2006). There are 98 groups of N. c. jingdongensis (Jiang et al. 2006), with a total of about 490 individuals, if an average groups size of 5 individuals is used. For N. c. furvogaster there are about 26-42 groups remaining (Jiang et al. 2006), which would represent about 130-210 individuals, if an average groups size of 5 individuals is used. A survey in the northern part of Ailao Mountain National Nature Reserve found approximately 45 groups of N. c. concolor, with around 200-250 individuals (X. Jiang pers. comm. 2006). In southern Yunnan there are three areas where this species occurs, in Bajiaohe, Jingping County (2 groups recorded), Jinpingfenshuiling Nature Reserve (only one group recorded), and Huanglianshan Nature Reserve (3 groups recorded) (Ni and Ma 2006). The total population in Yunnan was reported to be 74-106 groups (Jiang et al. 2006), which translates to about 370-530 individuals, if an average groups size of 5 individuals is used.
The Laotian population in the Nam Kan PPA is small. At least 13 distinct groups were recorded in the Nam Kan valley in a survey area of about 6 km2, suggesting a density of about 2.2 groups/km2 (Geissmann 2007). The total population of the Nam Kan could be up to 200 individuals, although this is a very tentative extrapolation (T. Geissman pers. comm. 2006). Five groups were recorded from Nam Ha NPA (Johnson et al. 2005), but there is no population estimate. There are forest blocks in northern Lao PDR where there have not been any surveys for gibbons, and there could be populations in these areas.
In Viet Nam, field surveys carried out by Fauna and Flora International throughout most of the remaining larger forest areas in the historic range of the species in Viet Nam lead to an estimate of less then 100 individuals. The two largest populations may live in Che Tao and Ho Nam Mu forests (Yen Bai and Son La provinces) with about 70 and 20 individuals, respectively (Geissmann et al. 2000). As of 2000, N. concolor in Viet Nam has been confirmed in Nam Pam commune of Muong La District in Son La Province with 15-20 individuals (Tri and Long 2000). This is probably the same population that survives in Che Tao commune of Mu Cang Chai district in Yen Bai Province (Tallents et al. 2000). Another population has been confirmed in Nam Xe commune of Van Ban District in Lao Cai Province. This commune borders Yen Bai Province as well, to the north (Dat et al. 2000). There are known subpopulation extinctions in Viet Nam (Geissmann et al. 2000).
Behavior
Average group sizes for N. c. concolor and N. c. jingdongensis in Yunnan province also appear to vary strongly according to locality and/or study, ranging from 2.9 to 6.6 individuals (Chan et al. 2005), with a mean of 5.0 individuals (T. Geissmann pers. comm. 2006). This mean value is clearly higher than average group sizes found in other gibbon species (Leighton, 1987). It is unknown whether this high value applies to other populations of this species, such as N. c. lu in Lao PDR, N. c. furvogaster in western Yunnan or N. c. concolor in Viet Nam. Based on five groups of N. c. lu observed in Nam Kan PPA in Lao PDR, an average group size of 3.6-3.8 individuals was determined (Geissmann 2007).
Diet
Most gibbon species are mainly frugivorous (Leighton 1987). Field studies on Chinese N. concolor, however, report a lower intake of fruits and flowers (Geissmann et al. 2000) as compared to most other gibbon species except siamangs. On Mount Wuliang (central Yunnan), N. concolor jingdongensis eat more fruit during the rainy season, whereas they eat a higher percentage of leaves and spend more time foraging during the dry season (Sheeran 1993, 1995).
Reproduction
Threat
Major Threat(s)
The biggest threats to Nomascus concolor throughout its range include destructive local forest use and hunting (Geissmann et al. 2000; Jiang et al. 2006). In Lao PDR, despite the presence of local taboos on hunting gibbons (Geissmann 2007), these animals are captured and killed for subsistence as well as the pet and ?medicine? trades (Johnson et al. 2005). In Viet Nam, depending on the locality, these gibbons are threatened by mostly human impact on habitat (Van Ban, Lao Cai Province) or mostly hunting pressure (Mu Cang Chai, Yen Bai Province and Son La Province), but it is ultimately always a combination of the two (Geissmann et al. 2000; Tallents et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2001a, 2001b; Le Trong Dat et al. 2000, 2001; Ngo Van Tri and Long 2000).
Conservation and Measurement
International
CITES, Appendix I. IUCN
National
Conservation law
| Country | Status | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | ||
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | ||
| Japan | ||
| Korea | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam | Group I: Prohibiting Exploitation and Use for Commercial Purposes | The Government Decree 32/2006/ND-CP, Dated 30th March 2006 on Management of Endangered, Precious and Rare Species of Wild Plants and Animals |
Protected Area
In China, about three-quarters of the Wuliang Mountain population's range is protected, much of it within the Wuliang Mountain Nature Reserve and Ailao Mountain Nature Reserve; the species occurs as well in Huanglianshan Nature Reserve, Fenshuilin Nature Reserve, Daxueshan Nature Reserve, Nanguanhe Nature Reserve, Lancangjiang Nature Reserve (Geissmann et al. 2000). In Lao PDR it occurs in two protected areas, Nam Ha National Biodiversity Conservation Area and Nam Kan National Biodiversity Conservation Area. The provincial governor of Luang Namtha province (Lao PDR) in 2004 set very steep fines for wildlife trade and also instigated measures for gun control; both actions, if enforced, should protect the Laotian gibbon populations from opportunistic hunting (Johnson et al. 2005).
Other Coservation Projects
Citation
Anonymous. 2002. A feasibility study and investment plan for the establishment of the Mu Cang Chai Gibbon Sanctuary Yen Bai province, Vietnam. Fauna and Flora International, Vietnam Programme, Yen Bai Forest Protection Department and Forest Inventory and Planning Institute. Fauna and Flora International, Vietnam Programme, Yen Bai Forest Protection Department and Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Baker, L., Nadler, T. and Geissmann, T. 2000. Viet Nam: Primate field guide. Hanoi, Vietnam.
Bleisch, W. and Chen, N. 1990. Conservation of the black crested gibbon in China. Oryx 24(3): 147-156.
Bleisch, W. and Chen, N. 1991. Ecology and behavior of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in China with a reconsideration of evidence for polygymy. Primates 32: 539 - 548.
Bleisch, W. and Jiang, X. 2000. Action plan for conservation of the gibbons of the Wuliang Mountains. Sino-Dutch Forest Conservation and Community Development Project, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
Bleisch, W. and Zhang, Y. 2004. The view across the border: China and the future of Vietnamese primates. In: T. Nadler, U. Streicher and Ha Thang Long (eds), Conservation of primates in Vietnam, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Vietnam Primate Conservation Programme, Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong National Park, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Cao Van Sung. 1995. Status of primate fauna and conservation in Vietnam. In: W. Xia and Y. Zhang (eds), Primate research and conservation, China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Chan, B., Fellowes, J., Geissmann, T. and Zhang, J. 2005. Hainan gibbon status survey and conservation action plan, version 1 (last updated November 2005). Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Technical Report No. 3. Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Hong Kong.
Chen, N. 1995. Ecology of the black-crested gibbon (Hylobates concolor) in the Ailao Mt. Reserve, Yunnan, China. M.Sc. Thesis, Mahidol University.
Couturier, J. and Lernould, J. 1991. Karyotypic study of four gibbon forms provisionally considered as subspecies of Hylobates (Nomascus) concolor (primates, Hylobatidae). Folia Primatologica 56: 95 - 104.
Dang Huy Huynh. 1995. Fauna and geographical distribution of primate species in Vietnam. In: W. Xia and Y. Zhang (eds), Primate research and conservation, China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Dao Van Tien. 1985. Scientific results of some mammals surveys in North Vietnam (1957 - 1971). Scientific and Technical Publishing House, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
Delacour, J. 1933. On the Indochinese gibbon (Hylobates concolor). Journal of Mammalogy 14: 71-73.
Dong Thanh Hai and Lormee, N. 1999. Preliminary results of survey on the status black gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province (North Vietnam) November 14th - 28th, 1999. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme Office, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Dong Thanh Hai and Lormee, N. 1999. Status assessment of the black gibbon (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province, North Vietnam, 14 - 28 November 1999. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme Office, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Duckworth, J. W., Salter, R. E. and Khounbline, K. 1999. Wildlife in Lao PDR: 1999 Status Report. IUCN, Vientiane, Laos.
Fan, P., Jiang, X., Liu, C. and Luo, W. 2006. Polygynous mating system and behavioural reason of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Dazhaizi, Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China. Zoological Research 27(2): 216 - 220.
Fooden, J. 1996. Zoogeography of Vietnamese primates. International Journal of Primatology 17(5): 845-899.
Fooden, J., Quan, G. and Luo, Y. 1987. Gibbon distribution in China. Acta Theriologica Sinica 7: 161-167.
Garza, J. and Woodruff, D. 1994. Crested gibbon (Hylobates [Nomascus]) identification using noninvasively obtained DNA. Zoo Biology 13: 383-387.
Geissmann, T. 1989. A female black gibbon, Hylobates concolor ssp., from northeastern Vietnam. International Journal of Primatology 10: 455?476.
Geissmann, T. 1995. Captive management and conservation of gibbons in China and Vietnam, with special reference to crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor group). Primate Report 42: 29-41.
Geissmann, T. 1995. Gibbon systematics and species identifications. International Zoo News 42: 467-501.
Geissmann, T. 1997. New sounds from the crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor group): First results of a systematic revision. In: D. Zissler (ed.), Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft: Kurzpublikationen ? Short Communications, 90. Jahresversammlung 1997 in Mainz., pp. 170 pp.. Stuttgart, Germany.
Geissmann, T. 2007. First field data on the Laotian black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor lu) of the Nam Kan area of Laos. Gibbon Journal 3: 56-65.
Geissmann, T., Traber, S. and von Allmen, A. 2006. Das Nangunhe-Naturreservat, Provinz Yunnan, China: Ein Projektbericht [Nangunhe Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, China: A project report]. Gibbon Journal 2: 14-17.
Geissmann, T., Xuan Dang, N., Lormee, N. and Momberg F. 2000. Vietnam primate conservation status review 2000 - Part 1: Gibbons. Status report. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Geissmann, T., Xuan Dang, N., Lormee, N. and Momberg, F. 2003. Status review of gibbons in Vietnam. Asian Primates 8(3-4): 10-12.
Groves, C. 2004. Taxonomy and biogeography of primates in Vietnam and neighbouring regions. In: T. Nadler, U. Streicher and Ha Thang Long (eds), Conservation of primates in Vietnam, pp. 15-22. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Vietnam Primate Conservation Programme, Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong National Park, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Groves, C. and Wang, Y. 1990. The gibbons of the subgenus Nomascus (primates, Mammalia). Zoological Research 11: 147-154.
Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Haimoff, E. H., Yang, X.-J., He, S.-J. and Chen, N. 1987. Census and survey of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan province, People?s Republic of China. Folia Primatologica 46(4): 205?214.
Haimoff, E., Yang, X, He, S and Chen, N. 1987. Conservation of gibbons in Yunnan Province, China. Oryx 21(3): 168-173.
Haimoff, E., Yang, X., He, S. and Chen, N. 1987. Preliminary observations of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Primates 28: 319-335.
Hardcastle, J., Dang Khoa, M. and De, G. A. 2001. Black and white: Community-based initiatives to protect the western black crested gibbon by the White H'mong people of Che Tao forest. Unpublished report, Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Hoang Hoe and Vo Quy. 1991. Nature conservation in Vietnam: An overview. Tiger Paper 18(4): 1-9.
Jiang, X. and Wang, Y. 1999. Population and conservation of black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor jingdongensis) in Wuliang Nature Reserve, Jingdong, Yunnan. Zoological Research 20: 421?425.
Jiang, X., Luo, Z., Zhao, S., Li, R. and Liu, C. 2006. Status and distribution pattern of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Wuliang Mountains, Yunnan, China: implication for conservation. Primates 47(3): 264?271.
Jiang, X., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Sheeran, L. and Poirier, F. 1994. Human encounter and predator avoidance behavior in black-crested gibbon (Hylobates concolor). Acta Anthropologica Sinica 13: 181-188.
Jiang, X., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Sheeran, L., Poirier, F. and Wang, Q. 1994. Group size and composition of black crested gibbons. Zoological Research 15(2): 15-22.
Jiang, X., Wang, Y. and Wang, Q. 1999. Coexistence of monogamy and polygyny in black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor). Primates 40: 607-611.
Johnson, A., Singh, S. and Duangdala, M. 2004. A preliminary survey for the black-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in the Nam Ha national protection area, northern Lao PDR. In: T. Nadler, U. Streicher and Ha Thang Long (eds), Conservation of primates in Vietnam, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Vietnam Primate Conservation Programme, Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong National Park, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Johnson, A., Singh, S., Duangdala, M. and Hedemark, M. 2005. The western black crested gibbon Nomascus concolor in Laos: new records and conservation status. Oryx 39: 311?317.
Lan, D. 1989. Preliminary study on the group composition, behavior and ecology of the black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in southwest Yunnan [Chinese text, English summary]. Zoological Research 10(supp.): 119-126.
Lan, D. 1989. Study on the group composition, behavior, ecology and conservation of the black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in southwest Yunnan (Chinese text, English summary). M.Sc. Thesis, Kunming Institute of Zoology.
Lan, D. 1993. Feeding and vocal behaviours of black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in Yunnan: A preliminary study. Folia Primatology 60: 94-105.
Lan, D. 1995. Distribution and conservation of black gibbons in Yunnan (Chinese text, English summary). In: W. Xia and Y. Zhang (eds), Primate research and conservation, China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Lan, D. 2001. Ecology and behavior of black gibbon in Yunnan, China. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Liverpool.
Lan, D. and Dunbar, R. 2000. Bird and mammal conservation in Gaoligongshan Region and Jingdong country, Yunnan, China: Patterns of species richness and nature reserves. Oryx 34(4): 275-286.
Lan, D. and Guo, G. 1995. Present status on conservation of primates in Lincang district of Yunnan. Chinese Primate Research and Conservation News 4(2): 4-7.
Lan, D. and Sheeran, L. 1995. The status of black gibbons (Hylobates concolor jingdongensis) at Xiaobahe, Wuliang Mountains, Yunnan province, China. Asian Primates 5(1-2): 2-4.
Lan, D., He, S. and Shu, L. 1990. Preliminary observations on the group composition of the wild concolor gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in Yunnan, China. Primate Report 26: 89-96.
Leighton, D. 1987. Gibbons: Territoriality and monogamy. In: B. Smuts, D. Cheney, R. Seyfarth, R. Wrangham and T. Struhsaker (eds), Primate societies, pp. 135-145. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA and London, UK.
Le Trong Dat, Le Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang. 2000. Report on the survey of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) and the fauna in Nam Xay and Nam Xe communes, Van Ban district, Lao Cai province. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme, Gibbon Conservation Project, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Le Trong Dat, Trinh Dinh Hoang, Tallents, L. and Luong Van Hao. 2001. Report on the third survey for western black crested gibbon Nomascus concolor and other animals in Che Tao commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme, Gibbon Conservation Project, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Le Xuan Canh. 1997. Endangered primate species in Vietnam. Primate Conservation 17: 117-126.
Li, Z. and Lin, Z. 1983. Classification and distribution of living primates in Yunnan, China. Zoological Research 4: 111-120.
Long, B., Le Khac Quyet and Phung Van Khoa. 2000. An assessment of the potential and priorities for conservation in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province. Fauna and Flora International, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Ma, S. and Wang, Y. 1986. The taxonomy and distribution of the gibbons in southern China and its adjacent region ? with description of three new subspecies. Zoological Research 7(4): 394?410.
Ma, S. and Wang, Y. 1988. The recent distribution, status and conservation of primates in China. Acta Theriologica Sinica 8: 250-260.
Ma, S., Wang, Y. and Poirier, F. 1988. Taxonomy, distribution, and status of gibbons (Hylobates) in southern China and adjacent areas. Primates 29: 277-286.
Ngo Van Tri and Long, B. 2000. A survey of the black gibbon Hylobates concolor, Harlan 1826, in Son La province (North Vietnam), October - November, 1999. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme Office, Hanoi.
Nguyen Xuan Dang and Lormee, N. 1999. A report of survey on black gibbon (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yen Bai and Phu Tho provinces (North Vietnam), October - November 1999. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme Office, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Ni, Q. and Ma, S. 2006. Population and distribution of the black crested gibbons in southern and southeastern Yunnan. Zoological Research 27(1): 34-40.
Peng, H. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of nonhuman primates in China. Primate Report 26: 17-28.
Ratajszczak, R. 1988. Notes on the current status and conservation of primates in Vietnam. Primate Conservation 9: 134-136.
Roos, C. 2004. Molecular evolution and systematics of Vietnamese primates. In: T. Nadler, U. Streicher and Ha Thang Long (eds), Conservation of primates in Vietnam, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Vietnam Primate Conservation Programme, Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong National Park, Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Ruggeri, N. and Timmins, R. 1996. An initial summary of diurnal primate status in Laos. Asian Primates 5(3-4): 1-3.
Sheeran, L. 1993. A preliminary study of the behavior and socio-ecology of black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Ph.D. Thesis, Ohio State University.
Sheeran, L. 1995. Behavior of wild black gibbons (Hylobates concolor jingdongensis). In: W. Xia and Y. Zhang (eds), Chinese primate research and conservation, China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Sheeran, L. and Poirier, F. 1990. The black-crested gibbon of China. Primate Conservation 11: 20-22.
Sheeran, L., Zhang, Y., Poirier, F. and Yang, D. 1998. Preliminary report on the behavior of the Jingdong black gibbon (Hylobates concolor furvogaster). Tropical Biodiversity 5: 113-125.
Su, B., Monda, K., Wang, W., Jiang, X., Wang, Y., Woodruff, D. and Zhang, Y. 1995. Molecular phylogeny of Chinese concolor gibbons (subgenus Nomascus) using noninvasive DNA genotyping. In: W. Xia and Y. Zhang (eds), Primate research and conservation, China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Tallents, L., Le Trong Dat, La Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang. 2000. Report on the second survey for western black-crested gibbon in Che Tao forest. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme Office, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
Tallents, L., Le Trong Dat, La Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang. 2000. Survey for western black-crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor), Che Tao commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme Office, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
Tallents, L., Le Trong Dat, Luong Van Hao, La Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang. 2001. A survey for western black crested gibbon in Nam Pam, Hua Trai and Ngoc Chien communes, Che Tao-Nam Pam forest, Muong La district, Son La province, January 2001. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme Office, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
Tallents, L., Le Trong Dat, Luong Van Hao, La Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang. 2001. Muong La district, Son La province, January 2001: A survey for western black crested gibbon in Nam Pam, Hua Trai and Ngoc Chien communes, Che Tao-Nam Pam forest. Survey report. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme Office, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
Tordoff, A., Le Trong Dat and Hardcastle, J. 2001. A rapid biodiversity survey of Che Tao commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province, Vietnam. BirdLife International Vietnam Programme, and Fauna and Flora International Indochina Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Trinh Dinh Hoang. 2003. Gibbon monitoring and training in Che Tao, Mu Cang Chai, Yen Bai. Fauna and Flora International Indochina Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Van Gulik, R. 1967. The gibbon in China: an essay in Chinese animal lore. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
Van Tien, D. 1983. On the north Indochinese gibbons (Hylobates concolor) (primates, Hylobatidae) in North Vietnam. Journal of Human Evolution 12(4): 367?372.
Wang, S. and Quan, G. 1986. Primate status and conservation in China. In: K. Benirschke (ed.), Primates. The road to self-sustaining populations, pp. 213-220. Springer-Verlag, New York, USA and Berlin, Germany.
Wang, Y., Jiang, X. and Feng, Q. 2000. Distribution, status and conservation of black-crested gibbon (Hylobates concolor) in China. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 19: 138-147.
Yang, D. and Xu, P. 1990. A preliminary study on the food of Hylobates concolor concolor. Primate Report 26: 81-87.
Yang, Y., Tian, K., Hao, J., Pei, S. and Yang, Y. 2004. Biodiversity and biodiversity conservation in Yunnan, China. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 813-826.
Zhang, S. 1998. Current status and conservation strategies of primates in China. Primate Conservation 18: 81-84.
Zhang, Y. 1995. A molecular phylogeny of gibbons based on DNA sequences. In: W. Xia and Y. Zhang (eds), Primate research and Conservation, Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Zhang, Y. 1995. The current status of primates in China. In: W. Xia and Y. Zhang (eds), Primate research and Conservation, Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Zhang, Y., Chen, L., Qu, W. and Coggins, C. 2002. The primates of China: Biogeography and conservation status ? Past, present and future. Beijing, China.
Zhang, Y., Chen, L., Qu, W. and Coggins, C. 2002. The Primates of China: Biogeography and Conservation Status. Asian Primates 8(1-2): 20-22.
Zhang, Y., Quan, G., Yang, D., Liu, Z. and Sheeran, L. 1995. Population parameters of the black gibbon in China. In: W. Xia and Y. Zhang (eds), Primate research and Conservation, Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Zhang, Y., Quan, G., Zhao, T. and Southwick, C. 1992. Distribution of primates (except Macaca) in China. Acta Theriologica Sinica 12(2): 81-95.
Zhang, Y., Wang, S. and Quan, G. 1981. On the geographical distribution of primates in China. Journal of Human Evolution 10: 215-226.
Zhang, Y. Z., Jin, S. K., Quan, G. Q., Li, S. H., Ye, Z. Y., Wang, F. G. and Zhang, M. L. 1997. Distribution of Mammalian Species in China. Cites Management Authority of China, China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Zhao, T. 1995. Historical distribution records of the black gibbons in the Ailao and Wuliang mountains. In: W. Xia and Y. Zhang (eds), Primate research and Conservation, Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.