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Nomascus nasutus
Taxonomy (Name)
| Class | MAMMALIAIUCN | |
|---|---|---|
| Order | DIPROTODONTIAIUCN | |
| Family | HYLOBATIDAEIUCN | |
| Scientific Name | Nomascus nasutusIUCN | |
| Author | (Kunkel d'Herculais, 1884)IUCN | |
| Synonyms | ||
| Common Name | Cao-vit Crested Gibbon, Cao-vit Black Crested Gibbon, Eastern Black Crested GibbonIUCN | |
| Local name | Brunei Darussalam | |
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | ||
| Japan | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Republic of Korea | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam | ||
Picture
Distribution, Range
This species is found in a small area of northeastern Viet Nam and southeastern China, northeast of the Red River, where it is restricted to the Phong Nam-Ngoc Khe Mountains, Trung Khanh District, northern Cao Bang province, and adjacent forest in Jingxi County, Guangxi (Geissmann et al. 2002, 2003b; W. Bleisch pers. comm.). It is possibly still extant in neighbouring Hoa Binh province, Viet Nam, as well, and in 2002 it was additionally reported from Kim Hy forest in Bac Kan province (which has since been proposed as a nature reserve). The range seems to have formerly extended from Ha Long Bay south to the Red River delta; gibbons of some species formerly lived in adjacent areas of southeastern China (Guangdong and Guangxi provinces), but are thought to have almost completely disappeared from there during the 1950s (Geissman et al. 2000; Fellowes et al. 2003). It is possible that some individuals still remain in isolated pockets of inaccessible karst forest.
Map
Country
| Brunei Darussalam | |
|---|---|
| Cambodia | |
| China |  IUCN |
| Indonesia | |
| Japan | |
| Lao PDR | |
| Malaysia | |
| Myanmar | |
| Mongolia | |
| Philippines | |
| Singapore | |
| Republic of Korea | |
| Thailand | |
| Vietnam | IUCN |
Status
International Status
IUCN Red List Category
CRIUCN
Justification
Listed as Critically Endangered because of an observed decline of at least 80% over the past 45 years (three generations) due primarily to hunting and habitat loss; and because its population size is less than 250 mature individuals, with no subpopulation greater than 50 mature individuals, and it is experiencing a continuing decline; and because its population size is less than 50 mature individuals.
CITES
Appendix IIUCN
CMS
National Status
| Country | Category | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | ||
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | ||
| Japan | ||
| Korea | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam |
Ecology Discription
Appearance
Habitat
This species historically inhabited lower montane and limestone forests, in a wet tropical monsoon climate, at an altitude range of 50?900 m (Dao Van Tien 1983). The known population is now entirely restricted to limestone forests on inaccessible karst outcrops ranging 640?800 m in elevation (Geissmann et al. 2002).
Population size
This species was thought to be possibly extinct (Geissmann et al. 2000, 2003a), but a surviving population was found in 2002 (Geissmann et al. 2002, 2003b; La Quang Trung et al. 2002; La Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang 2004). The latter has since been extensively surveyed, revealing as of August 2002 some 26-28 individuals living in five separate groups in the Phong Nam-Ngoc Khe forests (Geissmann et al. 2002, 2003; La Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang 2004). In 2005, a survey team estimated a population of 35-37 individuals (Vu Ngoc Thanh et al. 2006). An even more recent survey found at least two groups with an estimated 10 individuals total in China on the other side of the border from the known Viet Nam population (Tan Weifu pers. comm. 2006). There have been additional surveys in other forest patches in the surrounding area, but no other extent populations have been found (Geissmann et al. 2000, 2003a; Geissmann and Vu Ngoc Thanh 2001; La Quang Trunget al. 2002; Fellowes et al. 2003).
Behavior
Diet
Preliminary behavioral observations revealed that most of the feeding time was spent eating fruit (86.6%), whereas other food categories appeared to play a minor role: leaves (4.7%), animal matter (0.5%), undetermined food class (8.2%) (Geissmann et al. 2002).
Reproduction
Threat
Major Threat(s)
The main threat to this species, given its restricted range, is habitat loss and disturbance. What little remains of the habitat is in danger of being cleared for cultivation, livestock grazing, and firewood collection by local Viet Namese and Chinese minority people, as well as by the charcoal-making of local Chinese people (T. Geissmann and W. Bleisch pers. comm. 2006). There is also a continued threat from hunting, and the species is endangered as well from problems intrinsic to small population size and single populations, such as inbreeding effects, poor mate-choice, and risks from man-made or natural disaster (Geissmann et al. 2002, 2003b; La Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang 2004).
Conservation and Measurement
International
CITES, Appendix I. IUCN
National
This species is listed on annex IB of the Decree No. 32/2006 ND-CP in Viet Nam. In China, all gibbons are protected as National First-Class Protected Animals.
Conservation law
| Country | Status | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | ||
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | ||
| Japan | ||
| Korea | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam | Group I: Prohibiting Exploitation and Use for Commercial Purposes | The Government Decree 32/2006/ND-CP, Dated 30th March 2006 on Management of Endangered, Precious and Rare Species of Wild Plants and Animals |
Protected Area
For the conservation of N. nasutus in Viet Nam, the Cao Bang Forest Protection Department established a Species and Habitat Conservation Area, with a joint forest protection system that involves communities, a ranger force, and border patrol.
Other Coservation Projects
Fauna and Flora International is also partnering with the Cao Bang Rural Development Project to encourage sustainability and conservation education and research in the local communities (La Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang 2004). Also, there are rural energy projects underway to reduce the use of charcoal, as well as community patrols. In China, a proposition has been made recently for the establishment of strict conservation areas for all remaining forests near known gibbon groups.
Citation
Dang Huy Huynh. 1995. Fauna and geographical distribution of primate species in Vietnam. In: W. Xia and Y. Zhang (eds), Primate research and conservation, China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.
Dang Ngoc Can, Pham Duc Tien and Vu Dinh Thong. 2002. Preliminary results of survey on the eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus) in Bac Kan province, North Vietnam, April 2002. Survey report. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme Office, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Dao Van Tien. 1985. Scientific results of some mammals surveys in North Vietnam (1957 - 1971). Scientific and Technical Publishing House, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
Delacour, J. 1933. On the Indochinese gibbon (Hylobates concolor). Journal of Mammalogy 14: 71-73.
Fellowes, J, Lau, M., Hau B., Ng, S. and Chan, B. 2003. Report of Rapid Biodiversity Assessments at Nonggang National Nature Reserve, Southwest Guangxi,China, 19 to 27 May 1998. Hong Kong.
Fischer, W. 1965. Das Jahr mit den Gibbons. Wittenberg.
Fischer, W. 1980. Einige Erganzungen zur Haltung und Entwicklung des Schopfgibbons, Hylobates (Nomascus) concolor (Harlan). Milu, Berlin 5(1-2): 167 - 193.
Fooden, J. 1996. Zoogeography of Vietnamese primates. International Journal of Primatology 17(5): 845-899.
Fooden, J., Quan, G. and Luo, Y. 1987. Gibbon distribution in China. Acta Theriologica Sinica 7: 161-167.
Garza, J. and Woodruff, D. 1994. Crested gibbon (Hylobates [Nomascus]) identification using noninvasively obtained DNA. Zoo Biology 13: 383-387.
Geissmann, T. 1989. A female black gibbon, Hylobates concolor ssp., from northeastern Vietnam. International Journal of Primatology 10: 455?476.
Geissmann, T. 1995. Captive management and conservation of gibbons in China and Vietnam, with special reference to crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor group). Primate Report 42: 29-41.
Geissmann, T. 1997. New sounds from the crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor group): First results of a systematic revision. In: D. Zissler (ed.), Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft: Kurzpublikationen ? Short Communications, 90. Jahresversammlung 1997 in Mainz., pp. 170 pp.. Stuttgart, Germany.
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Geissmann, T., Trung, L. Q., Hoang, T. D., Can, D. N., Tien, P. D. and Thong, V. D. 2002. Report on an overall survey of the Cao Vit gibbon population (Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus) in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province (second overall survey). Survey report. Fauna and Flora International, Asia Pacific Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Goldthorpe, G., Pham Duc Tien and Roos, C. 2002. New record for Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus in Kim Hy forest, Bac Kan province, northern Vietnam. Frontier-Vietnam (Society for Environmental Exploration), Hanoi, Vietnam.
Groves, C. 2004. Taxonomy and biogeography of primates in Vietnam and neighbouring regions. In: T. Nadler, U. Streicher and Ha Thang Long (eds), Conservation of primates in Vietnam, pp. 15-22. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Vietnam Primate Conservation Programme, Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong National Park, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Groves, C. and Wang, Y. 1990. The gibbons of the subgenus Nomascus (primates, Mammalia). Zoological Research 11: 147-154.
Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Hien, N. 2005. Survey and assessment on population of Cao Vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus nasutus) in Phong Nam-Ngoc Khe proposed species / habitat conservation area, Trung Khanh district, Cao Bang province, with conservation recommendations. Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
La Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang. 2001. Report on eastern black crested gibbon Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus in Kim Hy Nature Resurve, Na Ry district, Bac Kan province. Survey report. Fauna and Flora International Indochina Programm, Hanoi, Vietnam.
La Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang. 2004. Status review of the Cao Vit black-crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus nasutus) in Vietnam. In: T. Nadler, U. Streicher and Ha Thang Long (eds), Conservation of primates in Vietnam, pp. 90-94. Conservation of primates in Vietnam, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Vietnam Primate Conservation Programme, Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong National Park, Hanoi, Vietnam.
La Quang Trung, Trinh Dinh Hoang, Mai Van Chuyen and Pham Anh Tam. 2002. Report on overall survey for eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus) in Trung Khanh district, Cao Bang province. Survey report. Unpublished report by Fauna and Flora International Indochina Program, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Le Xuan Canh. 1997. Endangered primate species in Vietnam. Primate Conservation 17: 117-126.
Le Xuan Canh and Pham Nhat. 1997. Report on preliminary results of survey on Hainan gibbon (Hylobates concolor hainanus). Hanoi, Vietnam.
Lormee, N. and Ngo Van Tri. 2000. Survey on primates and mammals in Kim Hy proposed nature reserve, Na Ry district, Bac Can province, northeastern Vietnam. Fauna and Flora International, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Ngo Van Tri and Lormee, N. 2000. Survey on primates and mammals in Kim Hy proposed nature reserve, Na Ry district, Bac Can province, northeastern Vietnam. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme Office, Hanoi.
Phung Van Khoa and Lormee, N. 2000. Primate status assessment in Bac Kan province, North Vietnam, January 2000, with a special reference to the black gibbon (Hylobates concolor). Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme Office, Hanoi.
Roos, C. 2004. Molecular evolution and systematics of Vietnamese primates. In: T. Nadler, U. Streicher and Ha Thang Long (eds), Conservation of primates in Vietnam, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Vietnam Primate Conservation Programme, Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong National Park, Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Than, V., Nguyen, X., Vu, N., Nguyen, M. , Bach, L. and Hien, N. 2005. Survey and Assessment of the Cao Vit Gibbon Population: Phong Nam ? Ngoc Khe Proposed Species / Habitat Conservation Area, Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province. Fauna and Flora International, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Tordoff, A. W., Tran Quang Ngoc, Le Van Cham and Dang Thang Long. 2000. A rapid field survey of five sites in Bac Kan, Cao Bang and Quang Ninh provinces, Vietnam: A review of the Northern Indochina subtropical forests ecoregion. BirdLife International Vietnam Programme (Conservation report No. 14), and FIPI, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Van Tien, D. 1983. On the north Indochinese gibbons (Hylobates concolor) (primates, Hylobatidae) in North Vietnam. Journal of Human Evolution 12(4): 367?372.
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