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Nycticebus menagensis
Taxonomy (Name)
| Class | MAMMALIAIUCN | |
|---|---|---|
| Order | DIPROTODONTIAIUCN | |
| Family | LORISIDAEIUCN | |
| Scientific Name | Nycticebus menagensisIUCN | |
| Author | Trouessart, 1893IUCN | |
| Synonyms | Nycticebus bancanus Lyon, 1906 Nycticebus borneanus Lyon, 1906 Nycticebus coucang Trouessart, 1893 ssp. menagensis Nycticebus philippinus Cabrera, 1908IUCN |
|
| Common Name | Bornean Slow LorisIUCN | |
| Local name | Brunei Darussalam | |
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | ||
| Japan | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Republic of Korea | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam | ||
Picture
Distribution, Range
This species is found in Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan Borneo, Belitung and Banka), Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak Borneo) and the Philippines (Tawi Tawi, Bongao, Sangasanga, and perhaps some other small islands in the Sulu Archipelago) (Fooden 1991; Timm and Birney 1992). Ethnographic survey records suggest local extinction in some islands in the Tawi Tawi group (Philippines), though the species is still likely to be found on smaller islands (Garcia pers. comm. 2006).
Map
Country
| Brunei Darussalam |  IUCN |
|---|---|
| Cambodia | |
| China | |
| Indonesia | IUCN |
| Japan | |
| Lao PDR | |
| Malaysia | IUCN |
| Myanmar | |
| Mongolia | |
| Philippines | IUCN |
| Singapore | |
| Republic of Korea | |
| Thailand | |
| Vietnam |
Status
International Status
IUCN Red List Category
VUIUCN
Justification
Listed as Vulnerable as there has probably been more than a 30% reduction in population over three generations (approximately 21-24 years) based on harvesting for the pet trade and extensive habitat loss.
CITES
Appendix IIUCN
CMS
National Status
| Country | Category | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | ||
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | ||
| Japan | ||
| Korea | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam |
Ecology Discription
Appearance
Habitat
The species occurs in primary and secondary lowland forest, gardens, and plantations (Payne et al. 1985; Timm and Birney 1992), at elevations between 35-100 m. According to interviews with local people in the Philippines, the species tends to be sighted in citrus trees (calamansi) (Garcia pers. comm. 2006) and may be tolerant of a variety of habitats. It is nocturnal, and almost entirely arboreal.
Population size
Based on data collected from researchers in the field and old specimens from museum collections, Meijaard et al. (2005) claimed that this species is common throughout Borneo. However, loris ?presence? is usually not determined first-hand (Chivers and Burton 1988; Indrawan and Rangkuti 2001), and it also cannot be presumed that lorises still occur in areas from where they were once collected. The species actually seems to be very uncommon throughout its range. It has a very limited distribution in the Philippines (Dagosto and Gebo 1995; Heaney et al. 1998). In Kalimantan, a 3-month survey in a protected peat swamp forest (Sabangau National Park) revealed very low densities of slow lorises, 0.21 - 0.38 animals/km (Nekaris et al. in review). When comparing this to other studies of Nycticebus, it seems clear that this species, when it does occur, is rare. Indeed, in 46,000 trapping nights in Kinabalu National Park, Wells et al. (2004) trapped this species only 3 times, and noted that in nocturnal walks over five years, it was rarely seen.
Behavior
In Sabangau National Park, of four sightings of lorises, 50% contained two or more individuals, feeding together in the same tree (Callophylum hosei and Szygium cf. nigricans).
Diet
Reproduction
Threat
Major Threat(s)
Burning of habitat and conversion, especially to palm oil plantations, almost certainly represents a threat to this species. Although it is relatively adaptable to anthropogenic habitats, and so it might less affected by forest loss than some other primate species, forest loss has been so severe in the region that it is likely to have had some negative impacts. The species is collected locally for use as pets; subsequent uncontrolled release of pets in some areas is also a threat.
Conservation and Measurement
International
This species is included in Appendix I of CITES
National
This species is protected by Indonesian law. Surveys to study the status of all populations, including those from the Philippines and other small Indonesian islands are required. Some forest fragments where the species occur remain protected. There is a particular need for field guides for this and other nocturnal Indonesian primate species, as they are often confused in rescue centers and elsewhere.
Conservation law
| Country | Status | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | Part B：Other animals the export of which is forbidde except under licence | Law of Brunei Chapter １０２ Wild Life Protection 10 of 1978 |
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | ||
| Japan | ||
| Korea | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam |
Protected Area
The species occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range, though its status there is uncertain (Nekaris et al. 2008).
Other Coservation Projects
Citation
Cabrera, A. 1908. Sobre los loris, y en especial sobre la forma Filipina. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Madrid 8(3): 135?139.
Chasen, F. 1935. On a collection of mammals from the Natuna Islands. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, Singapore 10: 5-42.
Chen, J-H., Pan, D., Groves, C., Wang, Y.-X., Narushima, E., Fitch-Snyder, H., Crow, P., Thanh, V., Ryder, O., Zhang, H.-W., Fu, Y. and Zhang, Y. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of Nycticebus inferred from mitochondrial genes. International Journal of Primatology 27(4): 1187-1200.
Chivers, D. and Burton, K. 1988. Some observations on the primates of Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia. Primate Conservation 9: 138-146.
Dagosto, M. and Gebo, D. L. 1995. Malagasy and Philippine primates: Similarities and differences in conservation problems. Sylvatrop, The Philippine Forest Research Journal 5: 49-56.
Fooden, J. 1991. Eastern limit of distribution of the slow loris, Nycticebus coucang. International Journal of Primatology 12(3): 287-290.
Groves, C. P. 1971. Systematics of the genus Nycticebus. In: J. Biegert and R. W. Leutenegge (eds), Taxonomy, anatomy, reproduction. Proceedings of the third international congress of primatology, pp. 44-53. S. Karger, Basel, Switzerland.
Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Heaney, L. R., Balete, D. S., Dolar, M. L., Alcala, A. C., Dans, A. T. L., Gonzales, P. C., Ingle, N. R., Lepiten, M. V., Oliver, W. L. R., Ong, P. S., Rickart, E. A., Tabaranza Jr., B. R. and Utzurrum, R. C. B. 1998. A synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana: Zoology 88: 1-61.
Indrawan, M. and Rangkuti, F. 2001. Status des Natuna-Langurs auf den Natuna-Inseln. ZGAP Mitteilungen 17(2): 20-21.
IUCN. 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 5 October 2008).
Meijaard, E. , Sheil, D., Nasi, R., Augeri, D., Rosenbaum, B., Iskandar, D., Setyawati, T., Lammertink, M., Rachmatika, I., Wong, A., Soehartono, T., Stanley, S. and O'Brien, T. 2005. Life after logging: Reconciling wildlife conservation and production forestry in Indonesian Borneo. Center for International Forestry Research, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Nekaris, K. A. I. and Jaffe, S. 2007. Unexpected diversity within the Javan slow loris trade: implications for slow loris taxonomy. Contributions to Zoology 76: 187-196.
Nekaris, K. A. I., Blackham, G. V. and Nijman, V. 2008. Conservation implications of low encounter rates of five nocturnal primate species (Nycticebus spp.) in Asia. Biodversity and Conservation 17(4): 733-747.
Payne, J. C. M., Francis, C. M. and Phillipps, K. 1985. A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Ravosa, M. 1998. Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus). American Journal of Primatology 45: 225-243.
Roos, C. 2003. Molekulare Phylogenie der Halbaffen, Schlankaffen, und Gibbons. Technischen Universitat.
Timm, R. M. and Birney, E. C. 1992. Systematic notes on the Philippine slow loris, Nycticebus coucang menagensis (Lydekker, 1893) (primates, Lorisidae). International Journal of Primatology 13(6): 679?686.
Wells, K., Linsenmair, K. E., Pfeiffer, M. and Lakim, M. B. 2004. Use of arboreal and terrestrial space by a small mammal community in a tropical rain forest in Borneo, Malaysia. Journal of Biogeography 31: 641-652.