Nycticebus pygmaeus

Taxonomy (Name)

Picture

Distribution, Range

This species is found east of the Mekong River in eastern Cambodia, southernmost China (southeastern Yunnan), Lao PDR, and Viet Nam (Streicher 2004). The western limit of distribution in Lao PDR and Cambodia is uncertain, but it appears to be absent or at least naturally very scarce in the extreme west of the Mekong plain. In China, the species has only been recorded in southeast Yunnan, although it is not clear if these are wild animals or captured animals brought into China from Viet Nam (MacKinnon 2008).

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Map

Country

Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia	IUCN
China	IUCN
Indonesia
Japan
Lao PDR	IUCN
Malaysia
Myanmar
Mongolia
Philippines
Singapore
Republic of Korea
Thailand
Vietnam	IUCN

Status

International Status

IUCN Red List Category

VUIUCN

Justification

Nycticebus pygmaeus is listed as Vulnerable as the species is believed to have undergone a decline of more than 30% over the last three generations (24 years, given a generation length of 8 years) due primarily to hunting, but also as a result of habitat loss. This species may warrant listing in a higher category of threat if it subsequently shown that the rate of decline is on the order of 50%.

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CITES

Appendix IIUCN

CMS

National Status

Ecology Discription

Appearance

Habitat

This species has been sighted in a wide variety of habitats, including primary evergreen and semi-evergreen forest, forest on limestone, secondary and highly degraded habitats, and bamboo thickets (Ratajszczak 1998; Streicher 2004). It is found up to 1,500 m (MacKinnon and MacKinnon 1987).

Population size

Ratajszczak (1998) mentioned that hundreds of this species were being traded in markets, but based on the smaller numbers of pygmy lorises now found in Viet Namese markets, as well as the increased difficulty noted in making field encounters, researchers have concluded that wild populations are probably in major decline (Fitch-Snyder and Vu 2002; Streicher 2004). In Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, 90 survey nights returned only seven sightings of this species; in Ben En National Park, only eight animals were encountered over ten night walks by four teams, each covering several kilometers per night. In Lao PDR, Duckworth (1994) recorded only four individuals during a survey in Phou Xang He protected area (about 0.05-0.10 individuals/km). It is possible that this species was under-recorded, however, as villagers claimed that this species was common throughout the area, and their accounts may also be historical (Duckworth 1994). The species is widespread in forested areas in Lao PDR, where exploitation of lorises is lower than in neighboring Viet Nam.

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Behavior

Nycticebus pygmaeus is nocturnal and forages alone.

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Diet

Its feeding habits have not been well studied in the wild, but it is known that the species is omnivorous in natural conditions. A study of released pygmy loris food choices showed insectivory 40% of the time, gummivory 30% of the time, and feeding on unidentified plant exudates the rest of the time. Flowering trees are most attractive to these animals (Streicher 2004). This species appears to be more insectivorous than Nycticebus coucang, which may explain its ability to survive better in secondary habitat that lack big fruiting trees (Ratajszczak 1998). They may also take geckos, small arboreal mammals, eggs, and chicks (Ratajszczak 1998).

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Reproduction

This species appears to be a seasonal breeder, giving birth in the winter months (Ratajszczak 1998).

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Threat

Major Threat(s)

In Viet Nam, the pygmy slow loris is heavily exploited for traditional "medicine" as well as for the pet trade (Nekaris and Nijman 2007), including international trade, at levels that are not sustainable; it is also used as a food source by many (Streicher 2004). Some hunting involves the use of elaborate traps, as well as snares. In Cambodia, it is generally used for so-called "medicinal" purposes. Levels of exploitation in Lao PDR are significantly lower. Habitat loss, due to agriculture (cashew plantations, corn, rice paddies and so forth), and human settlement, may be resulting in localized declines.

Conservation and Measurement

International

The species has been recently transfer from Appendix II to Appendix I of CITES (Nekaris and Nijman 2007).

IUCN

National

In Viet Nam this species is protected at the highest possible level (Appendix IB, Decree 32, 2006); in China, it is listed as Class 1 protected (involving potentially severe penalties); and in Cambodia it is listed on the Ministry of Forestry and Fisheries Species List as prohibited to hunt from 08 January 1994.
There is a need for close monitoring of harvesting rates of this species, not only in Viet Nam, but also in Cambodia and Lao PDR where rates of take could increase in future.

IUCN

Conservation law

Protected Area

Pygmy lorises are represented in at least 50 captive collections, and reported in at least two-dozen protected areas, but these reports need to be ground-sourced with systematic surveys (Nekaris et al. 2008).

IUCN

Other Coservation Projects

Citation

Duckworth, J. W. 1994. Field sighting of the pygmy loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) in Laos. Folia Primatologica 63(2): 99-101.

Fitch-Snyder, H. and Thanh, V. N. 2002. A preliminary survey of lorises (Nycticebus spp.) in northern Vietnam. Asian Primates 8(1-2): 1-3.

Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.

MacKinnon, J. 2008. Order Primates. In: A. T. Smith and Y. Xie (eds), The Mammals of China, pp. 158. Princeton University Press.

MacKinnon, J. and MacKinnon, K. 1987. Conservation and status of the primates of the Indo-Chinese subregion. Primate Conservation 8: 187-195.

Nekaris, K. A. I. and Nijman, V. 2007. CITES proposal highlights rarity of asian nocturnal primates (Lorisidae: Nycticebus). Folia Primatologica 78: 211-214.

Nekaris, K. A. I., Blackham, G. V. and Nijman, V. 2008. Conservation implications of low encounter rates of five nocturnal primate species (Nycticebus spp.) in Asia. Biodversity and Conservation 17(4): 733-747.

Ratajszczak, R. 1998. Taxonomy, distribution and status of the lesser slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus and their implications for captive management. Folia Primatologica 69: 171-174.

Streicher, U. 2004. Aspects of the ecology and conservation of the pygmy loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam. Inaugural-Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat.

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