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Tarsius bancanus
Taxonomy (Name)
| Class | MAMMALIAIUCN | |
|---|---|---|
| Order | DIPROTODONTIAIUCN | |
| Family | TARSIIDAEIUCN | |
| Scientific Name | Tarsius bancanusIUCN | |
| Author | Horsfield, 1821IUCN | |
| Synonyms | Tarsius natunensis Chasen, 1940 IUCN | |
| Common Name | Horsfield's Tarsier, Horsfield's Tarsier, Western TarsierIUCN | |
| Local name | Brunei Darussalam | Tempelileh (Malay), Ingkat (Iban) |
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | Binatang hantu, Singapuar (semua jenis dari genusTarsius) | |
| Japan | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Republic of Korea | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam | ||
Picture
Distribution, Range
This species is found in Brunei, Indonesia (Bangka, Belitung, Karimata, southeastern Sumatra, Serasen in the South Natuna Islands, and Kalimantan Borneo), and Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) (Groves 2005). The distribution in Sumatra is unknown but is thought to be delimited by the Musi River.
Tarsius bancanus saltator
Confined to the island of Belitung (Billiton), Indonesia.
Tarsius bancanus natunensis
Confined to Serasan (Sirhassen) in the South Natuna Islands, and possibly nearby Subi Island, Indonesia.
Tarsius bancanus borneanus
Occurs in Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan Borneo and Karimata Islands) and Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak Borneo) and on the island of Karimata (Indonesia).
Tarsius bancanus bancanus
Occurs in southeastern Sumatra and the island of Bangka, Indonesia.
Map
Country
| Brunei Darussalam |  IUCN |
|---|---|
| Cambodia | |
| China | |
| Indonesia | IUCN |
| Japan | |
| Lao PDR | |
| Malaysia | IUCN |
| Myanmar | |
| Mongolia | |
| Philippines | |
| Singapore | |
| Republic of Korea | |
| Thailand | |
| Vietnam |
Status
International Status
IUCN Red List Category
VUIUCN
Justification
Over the last 20 years (approximately three generations), at least 30% of the habitat has been lost, qualifying this species as Vulnerable where population reduction is inferred based on habitat loss. In addition, levels of exploitation can be regionally high for the pet trade, yet impacts at the population level are unknown. Further research is needed (taxonomic, threat and ecological) in order to further assess this species.
CITES
Appendix IIIUCN
CMS
National Status
| Country | Category | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | ||
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | ||
| Japan | ||
| Korea | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | ||
| Mongolia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam |
Ecology Discription
Appearance
Habitat
This species can live in both primary and secondary forest, as well as along the coasts or on the edge of plantations (Niemitz 1979). This is often described as a lowland species, most common below 100 m elevation; however, there is at least one record from 1,200 m from the Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya National Park in western Kalimantan (Gorog and Sinaga in press).
Population size
Density has been variously calculated at 80 animals/km2 in Sarawak (Niemitz 1979, 1984), 15-20 individuals/km2 in Sabah (Crompton and Andau 1986, 1987), and 19-20 individuals/km2 in Belitung (I. Yustian pers. comm.). Based on satellite studies of the extent of available habitat on Belitung Island, Yustian (2006) estimated a total population for T. b. saltator of 29,440 (Yustian unpubl. data).
Behavior
These animals are nocturnal and exhibit adaptations for vertical clinging and leaping modes of locomotion and prey capture (Roberts 1994). They spend a majority of their time below 2 meters off the ground and only 5% above 3 meters (Niemitz 1979, 1984; Crompton and Andau 1986, 1987).
Diet
The species is 100% carnivorous, eating mainly insects (including beetles, grasshoppers, cockroaches, butterflies, moths, praying mantis, ants, phasmids, and cicadas), but also small vertebrates (including bats, snakes, and birds) (Niemitz 1979).
Reproduction
Threat
Major Threat(s)
The principle threat is habitat loss due to forest conversion, especially due to expanding oil palm plantations, fires and logging. The species is collected for the illegal pet trade, particularly, it is thought, in the vicinity of Lampung and Way Kambas National Park. It is wrongly considered a pest to agricultural crops, and can suffer, directly and indirectly, from contamination from agricultural pesticides.
Conservation and Measurement
International
Appendix IIIUCN
National
Conservation law
| Country | Status | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | Part A：Protected animal | Law of Brunei Chapter １０２ Wild Life Protection 10 of 1978 |
| Cambodia | ||
| China | ||
| Indonesia | Protected Animals(as Tarsius spp.) | Goverment Regulation no. 7 / 1999, about Preservation of Plants and Animals |
| Japan | ||
| Korea | ||
| Lao PDR | ||
| Malaysia | Protected Wild Animal, Part III Other Protected Animals | Law of Malaysia Act 76, Protection of Wild Life Act 1972 (Amend. 2006) |
| Mongolia | ||
| Myanmar | ||
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam |
Protected Area
T. b. bancanus occurs in a few protected areas, such as Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Kerinci Seblat National Park, Way Kambas National Park (Indonesia) (M. Richardson pers. comm.); T. b. borneanus occurs in several protected areas, including Tasek Merimbun Sanctuary (Brunei); Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park, Kayan Mentarang National Park (Indonesia); Bako National Park, Gunung Malu National Park, Kinabalu National Park, Sapagaya Forest Reserve, Semengo Forest Reserve, Sepilok Forest Reserve (Malaysia) (M. Richardson pers. comm.); while
T. b. saltator and T. b. natunensis do not occur in any protected areas.
Other Coservation Projects
Brandon-Jones, D., Eudey, A. A., Geissman, T., Groves, C. P., Melnick, D. J., Morales, J. C., Shekelle, M. and Stewart, C. B. 2004. Asian primate classification. International Journal of Primatology 25(1): 97?164.
Crompton, R. and Andau, P. 1986. Locomotion and habitat utilization in free-ranging Tarsius bancanus: a preliminary report. Primates 27(3): 337-355.
Crompton, R. and Andau, P. 1987. Ranging, activity rhythms, and sociality in free-ranging Tarsius bancanus: a preliminary report. International Journal of Primatology 8(1): 43-71.
Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Groves, C. P. 2005. Order Primates. In: D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds), Mammal Species of the World, pp. 111-184. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
IUCN. 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 5 October 2008).
Jablonski, N. and Crompton, R. 1994. Feeding behavior, mastication, and tooth wear in the western tarsier (Tarsius bancanus). International Journal of Primatology 15(1): 29?59.
Niemitz, C. 1979. Results of a field study on the western tarsier (Tarsius bancanus borneanus Horsfield, 1821) in Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal 27: 171?228.
Niemitz, C. 1984. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Tarsius Storr, 1780. In: C. Niemitz (ed.), Biology of Tarsiers, pp. 1?16. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York, USA.
Roberts, M. 1994. Growth, development, and parental care in the western tarsier (Tarsius bancanus) in captivity: evidence for a slow life history and nonmonogamous mating system. International Journal of Primatology 15(1): 1?28.
Roberts, M. and Kohn, F. 1993. Habitat use, foraging behavior, and activity patterns in reproducing western tarsiers, Tarsius bancanus, in captivity: a management synthesis. Zoo Biology 12(2): 217?232.
Wright, P. C., Haring, D., Simons, E. L. and Andau, P. 1987. Tarsiers: a conservation perspective. Primate Conservation 8: 51?54.
Yustian, I. 2006. Population Density and the Conservation Status of Belitung?s Tarsier Tarsius bancanus saltator on Belitung Island, Indonesia.
Citation