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White-naped Crane

Common Name White-naped CraneBirdlife International
Species name Grus vipioBirdlife International
Family Gruidae
Genus  
Local Name
Country Appearance Local name
Brunei Darussalam    
Cambodia    
China    
Indonesia    
Japan Yes マナヅル
Lao PDR    
Malaysia    
Mongolia    
Myanmar    
Philippines    
Republic of Korea    
Singapore    
Thailand    
Vietnam    

 

Visual and Sound Image

Photos

White-naped Crane

Videos

 

Sounds

 

Identification

125 cm. Large grey crane. Slate-grey body with white throat and vertical white stripe from crown down back of neck. Extensive patch of red on face. Juvenile has brown head and pale throat.
<Similar species> Common Crane G. grus has black nape, face and foreneck. Hooded Crane G. monacha has fully white neck and white face below the eye.
<Voice> High-pitched, penetrating calls.

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Range Description

Grus vipio breeds in Dauria on the border of Russia, Mongolia and China, the Amur and Ussuri basins on the Sino-Russian border and the Songnen and Sanjiang plains, China. It migrates along the Songnen plain and Gulf of Bohai to its wintering grounds in the Yangtze basin, mainly at Poyang Hu (c.2,500 individuals) and Dongting Hu lakes, along the Korean peninsula to the Demilitarised Zone in North Korea/South Korea, mainly Cholwon (c.300 individuals), and to southern Kyushu in Japan. The population is estimated at c.6,500 individuals and is probably declining.

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Ecology

Ecology (Behaviour)

No descriptions

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Habitat

<Breeding> t breeds in the wetlands of steppe and forest-steppe zones, in grassy marshes, wet sedge-meadows and reedbeds in broad river valleys, lake depressions and boggy upland wetlands. <Non-Breeding> In winter, it frequents freshwater lakes, farmland and occasionally coastal flats.

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Diet

No descriptions

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Breeding Site

See Habitat

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References

BirdLife International (2001). 1. Bradter et al. (2005). 2. Higuchi et al. (2004). 3. Don Lee et al. (2007). 4. O. Gorosko in litt. (2007).

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Status

International Status

IUCN Red List Category

VU

Justification

This crane is listed as Vulnerable because it is thought to be undergoing a continuing population decline, largely as a result of the loss of wetlands to agriculture and economic development.
<Population justification> 3,000 wintering in China (J. Harris in litt. 2005 to Wetlands International 2006; Wang 2002 estimated 4,000); 3,500 wintering in Korea and Japan [Li and Mundkur 2004: 3,094 in Japan and 387 in Korea in Asian Waterbird Census 2000].
<Trend justification> Although accurate data on population trends are lacking, numbers are thought likely to be in rapid decline owing to habitat loss in both the breeding and wintering grounds, as well as other confounding factors such as hunting, disturbance, nest predation and pollution.

 

National Status

Country Category Reference
Brunei Darussalam    
Cambodia    
China V China Red Data book of Endangered Animals(1998)
（Extinct, Extirpated, Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare, Interninate）
Indonesia    
Japan VU http://www.biodic.go.jp/rdb/rdb_f.html
Korea EN Korean Red List of Threatened Species(NIBR, 2012)
Lao PDR    
Malaysia    
Mongolia VU Mongolian Red List of Birds(Seidler et al. Eds., 2011)
Myanmar    
Philippines    
Singapore    
Thailand    
Vietnam    

 

Management

Threat

The loss of wetlands to agricultural expansion, especially in its breeding grounds, is the main threat. Between 2000 and 2007, wetland loss in the western (Daurian) part of the range has been greatly exacerbated by prolonged drought conditions. This drought is part of a climatic cycle, and is predicted to persist until 20154. Breeding birds are also threatened by steppe fires, whilst livestock grazing may cause disturbance and reduce the availability of suitable nesting habitat1. In its wintering grounds, the main threats are from development and increasing human disturbance of wetlands in the Yangtze basin, the effects of the Three Gorges Dam on wetlands in the Yangtze basin and the potential development of wetlands in the Demilitarised Zone. In China, many wintering flocks occur outside of existing reserves, and are consequently at risk from hunting, direct disturbance, pollution from pesticide use and further loss of habitat due to agricultural expansion2. At Chaewon, Korea, a switch from spring to autumn ploughing of rice paddies resulted in reduced foraging rates, potentially affecting overwinter survival3. In Japan, the high proportion of individuals wintering at a single site at Izumi may render the population at greater risk from stochastic events or disease.

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Information

No descriptions

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Current Conservation

CITES Appendix I and II. CMS Appendix II. It is legally protected in all range states. Protected areas have been established for its conservation, of which the most important are Khingansky, Muraviovka, Daursky and Lake Khanka (Russia), Daguur (Mongolia), Zhalong, Xingkai Hu, Xianghai, Horqin, Poyang Hu, Dong Dongting Hu and Shengjin Hu (China), Kumya and Mundok (North Korea), and Izumi-Takaono (Japan). Artificial feeding has resulted in an increase in the population wintering in Japan.

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Current Conservation

Establish transboundary protected areas at the Tumen estuary between Russia, China and North Korea and the Argun River between Russia and China. Secure the conservation status of Cholwon and the Han river estuary in the Demilitarised Zone. Increase the number of suitable wintering sites in Japan. Enforce conservation measures to minimise threats from the Three Gorges Dam to wetlands along the Yangtze. Extend or establish protected areas in the wintering grounds in China, including Kumya, Lake Khanka-Xinghai, Poynag Lake, Sanjiang Plain, the Three Rivers Plain, Sonbon and Bohai Bay. Control spring fires in the breeding grounds.Prevent poisoning from pesticides and poaching. Establish local crane conservation groups at small wintering and breeding sites. Establish a database combining the locations of crane records with details of existing reserve boundaries in order to identify priority sites.

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Legal Protection

Country Status Reference
Brunei Darussalam    
Cambodia    
China    
Indonesia    
Japan    
Korea Category II Wildlife Protection Act
Lao PDR    
Malaysia    
Mongolia Very Rare Species Mongolian Law on Fauna
Myanmar    
Philippines    
Singapore    
Thailand    
Vietnam    

 

Related Links

 

Range

Geographical Information

Migration Route

 

Asian Waterbird Census

Descriptions

The Asian Waterbird Census (AWC) was initiated in 1987 and runs in parallel with other waterbird censuses carried out in Africa, Europe, Central and West Asia and Latin America under the umbrella of the International Waterbird Census (IWC), which is organised by Wetlands International.

The AWC takes place annually, during the second and third weeks of January, and is carried out by volunteers interested in collecting information on waterbirds and wetlands as a basis for contributing to their conservation.

Reference: Li, Z.W.D., Bloem, A., Delany S., Martakis G. and Quintero J. O. 2009. Status of Waterbirds in Asia - Results of the Asian Waterbird Census: 1987-2007. Wetlands International, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Census Data

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual                                            
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)                                            
The total number of count sites 2 3 3 2 4 4 0 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 9
CAMBODIA 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual                                            
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)                                            
The total number of count sites 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 11 0 0 12 12 11 5 1 6 9 6 6
CHINA 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual     24 6966 2712 726 370       12 2972 964 2663 1791 4354 1276 111 3463 1491 3189 1759
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)     1 1 5 5 4       1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 3
The total number of count sites 0 1 34 12 50 60 67 29 6 14 6 15 21 20 14 10 22 45 80 81 59 72
INDONESIA 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual                                            
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)                                            
The total number of count sites 0 0 0 1 19 8 17 17 15 19 16 0 0 47 12 10 40 34 14 16 15 23
JAPAN 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual       1416         1852   1892     2536 3094   3555 2737 3069 2397 2490 1995
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)       1         1   2     2 2   1 1 1 1 2 2
The total number of count sites 0 0 0 53 39 52 47 20 50 40 47 37 41 37 107 112 103 109 97 159 142 137
LAO PDR 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual                                            
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)                                            
The total number of count sites 0 0 0 2 4 5 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
MALAYSIA 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual                                            
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)                                            
The total number of count sites 0 0 0 59 68 93 85 17 10 7 10 0 0 20 25 25 25 43 43 82 82 40
MYANMAR 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual                                            
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)                                            
The total number of count sites 0 5 3 12 17 15 21 20 13 12 2 4 2 0 7 32 47 73 24 31 32 19
PHILIPPINES 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual                                            
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)                                            
The total number of count sites 0 0 0 0 19 21 34 39 46 47 39 28 29 32 43 38 50 47 56 54 65 108
SINGAPORE 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual                                            
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)                                            
The total number of count sites 0 0 0 0 4 12 17 15 13 14 10 10 6 11 10 10 8 9 9 8 8 7
REPUBLIC OF KOREA 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual     242 148 86 94 98 289 339 96 530 180   569 387 436 437 507 626 1103 1321 1397
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)     3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3   5 5 5 4 4 6 7 7 8
The total number of count sites 0 0 10 12 22 20 20 15 10 22 25 22 14 68 99 112 118 116 117 123 127 127
THAILAND 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual                                            
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)                                            
The total number of count sites 10 8 3 20 26 12 23 16 17 5 9 3 1 1 7 3 9 26 20 82 99 33
VIETNAM 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
The number of observed individual                                            
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)                                            
The total number of count sites 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 1 0 1 8 2 2 16 4 4 9 6 11

 

Population

Descriptions

 

Population Trend

 

Additional Information

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Climate change species distributions

 

Other Information