Wood Sandpiper

Common Name	Wood SandpiperBirdlife International
Species name	Tringa glareolaBirdlife International
Family	Scolopacidae
Genus
Local Name	Country Appearance Local name Brunei Darussalam     Cambodia     China     Indonesia     Japan Yes タカブシギ Lao PDR     Malaysia     Mongolia     Myanmar     Philippines     Republic of Korea     Singapore     Thailand     Vietnam

 

Visual and Sound Image

Photos

 

Videos

 

Sounds

 

Identification

No descriptions

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Range Description

No descriptions

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Ecology

Ecology (Behaviour)

This species is a full migrant, travelling overland on a broad front across Europe and the Middle East1. The adults start to move away from the breeding grounds in late-June, with juveniles following in late-August, arriving in tropical Africa from late-July through August to October2. On this southern migration many birds frequent stop-over sites to the north of the Mediterranean (especially in France and Italy), after which they overfly the Sahara1. Spring departure from the wintering grounds begins in late-March to early-April2, with breeding areas starting to be reoccupied from late-April (early June in northern Russia)2, and with breeding occurring between May and mid-July1. Some non-breeding birds may also remain in the south throughout the summer2. The species nests in well-dispersed solitary pairs (from 1-10 pairs per km2 to 50 pairs per km2 in forest tundra)1, but in winter it may occur in small scattered groups or larger flocks (20-50 individuals), and concentrations can exceed 1,000 individuals on migration3.

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Habitat

<Breeding During> the breeding season this species inhabits open, swampy areas in boreal forest1, scrubland between tundra and coniferous forest with willow, dwarf birch or spruce2, wet heathlands, and extensive mossy, sedgy or grassy marshes2.
<Non-breeding> Outside of the breeding season this species is less associated with woodlands, being more commonly found in open areas such as the margins of inland freshwater lakes and reservoirs1, 4, muddy marshlands, grassy stream banks, sewage farms, wet paddyfields, small temporary pools1, permanent swamps, flooded grassland and irrigation channels3. It rarely occurs in coastal habitats, but may be found along the creeks of saltmarshes and mangrove swamps1.

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Diet

<Breeding> Whilst on the breeding grounds this species is chiefly carnivorous, taking small insects (up to 2 cm long), especially the aquatic forms such as dytiscid or hydrophilid beetles, Hemiptera and the larvae of Diptera such as midges4.
<Non-breeding> During the non-breeding season the species has a more varied diet consisting of aquatic and terrestrial insects and their larvae, worms, spiders, crustaceans, gastropod molluscs, small fish (up to 2 cm long) and frogs, as well as plant matter such as seeds1, 4.

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Breeding Site

The nest is a scrape on the ground amongst dense vegetation1, 2 or raised on a tussock or slight ridge, and can sometimes be surrounded by water2. The species may also nest in trees in the abandoned nests of other species1 such as thrushes2.

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References

1. del Hoyo et al. (1996). 2. Snow and Perrins (1998). 3. Urban et al. (1986). 4. Johnsgard (1981). 5. Hubalek et al. (2005). 6. Mendes et al. (2005). 7. Baldi et al. (2005).

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Status

International Status

IUCN Red List Category

LC

Justification

This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
<Populaton justification> Total regarded as a minimum by Wetlands International (2006).
<Trend justification> The overall population trend is stable, although some populations have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2006).

 

National Status

Country	Category	Reference
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China
Indonesia
Japan	VU	http://www.biodic.go.jp/rdb/rdb_f.html
Korea
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam

 

Management

Threat

The species is threatened in some European countries (such as Finland) from exploitation, and peatland drainage and destruction for forestry and agriculture1. The populations in southern Sweden, Germany and Poland have also declined, possibly due to the threats of climatic change1. The species is susceptible to both avian botulism5 and avian malaria6, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases.

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Information

Intensive grazing of grassland (> 1 cow per hectare) was found to attract a higher abundance of this species in Hungary7.

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Current Conservation

No descriptions

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Current Conservation

No descriptions

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Legal Protection

Country	Status	Reference
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Lao PDR
Malaysia	Protected Wild Birds Part I: Game Birds	Law of Malaysia Act 76, Protection of Wild Life Act 1972 (Amend. 2006)
Mongolia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam

 

Related Links

 

Range

Geographical Information

Migration Route

 

Asian Waterbird Census

Descriptions

The Asian Waterbird Census (AWC) was initiated in 1987 and runs in parallel with other waterbird censuses carried out in Africa, Europe, Central and West Asia and Latin America under the umbrella of the International Waterbird Census (IWC), which is organised by Wetlands International.

The AWC takes place annually, during the second and third weeks of January, and is carried out by volunteers interested in collecting information on waterbirds and wetlands as a basis for contributing to their conservation.

Reference: Li, Z.W.D., Bloem, A., Delany S., Martakis G. and Quintero J. O. 2009. Status of Waterbirds in Asia - Results of the Asian Waterbird Census: 1987-2007. Wetlands International, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Census Data

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual	47	329	1062	77	193	114		220	124	34	37	133	23				2			16		45
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)	2	3	3	2	4	4		3	3	3	3	5	5				2			1		3
The total number of count sites	2	3	3	2	4	4	0	4	4	4	4	5	5	0	0	0	9	0	0	1	0	9
CAMBODIA	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual								6			10			10	5	25	13		11	6	8	2
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)								1			1			1	1	3	2		2	2	3	1
The total number of count sites	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	11	0	0	12	12	11	5	1	6	9	6	6
CHINA	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual			14	7	5	5	21					5						12	2	1	10	2
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)			1	1	2	1	1					1						2	2	1	2	1
The total number of count sites	0	1	34	12	50	60	67	29	6	14	6	15	21	20	14	10	22	45	80	81	59	72
INDONESIA	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual					336		231	9	45	22	2			92	90	20	44	10		46		142
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)					4		6	3	4	2	2			6	2	2	3	1		7		6
The total number of count sites	0	0	0	1	19	8	17	17	15	19	16	0	0	47	12	10	40	34	14	16	15	23
JAPAN	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual									1	2	5	2			69	69	91	33	30	14	3	33
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)									1	1	2	1			10	10	10	11	8	6	3	6
The total number of count sites	0	0	0	53	39	52	47	20	50	40	47	37	41	37	107	112	103	109	97	159	142	137
LAO PDR	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual					17	16	2	97	50							1
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)					1	1	1	2	1							1
The total number of count sites	0	0	0	2	4	5	3	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	14	1	0	0	0	1	0	0
MALAYSIA	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual				448	948	1364	948	6	10	9	8			42	110	39	72	128	187	158	206	145
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)				9	18	23	19	3	3	3	2			2	8	5	7	12	11	13	10	10
The total number of count sites	0	0	0	59	68	93	85	17	10	7	10	0	0	20	25	25	25	43	43	82	82	40
MYANMAR	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual		65			24	332	86	94	22	387					54	116	77	163	36	103	25	140
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)		2			2	8	4	6	2	3					5	10	10	6	7	9	6	5
The total number of count sites	0	5	3	12	17	15	21	20	13	12	2	4	2	0	7	32	47	73	24	31	32	19
PHILIPPINES	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual					101	16	117	46	311	8	27		174		10	47	267	315	267	193	195	311
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)					3	4	7	4	6	3	3		4		1	3	9	8	6	11	4	11
The total number of count sites	0	0	0	0	19	21	34	39	46	47	39	28	29	32	43	38	50	47	56	54	65	108
SINGAPORE	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual					74	64	167	164	66	52	11	1		5	1	26	10	2		1	1	3
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)					4	3	8	6	5	3	3	1		1	1	2	1	1		1	1	1
The total number of count sites	0	0	0	0	4	12	17	15	13	14	10	10	6	11	10	10	8	9	9	8	8	7
REPUBLIC OF KOREA	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)
The total number of count sites	0	0	10	12	22	20	20	15	10	22	25	22	14	68	99	112	118	116	117	123	127	127
THAILAND	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual	126	278	20	3410	452	360	940	286	98	22	75	253		41	591	345	422	269	581	280	735	301
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)	5	5	1	15	13	7	15	8	8	2	3	1		1	3	3	4	9	10	22	33	16
The total number of count sites	10	8	3	20	26	12	23	16	17	5	9	3	1	1	7	3	9	26	20	82	99	33
VIETNAM	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
The number of observed individual					128		3			51				47	175	70	143	2		40		8
The number of observed sites(not all count sites)					2		1			1				3	1	1	4	1		1		1
The total number of count sites	0	0	0	1	2	0	1	4	0	1	1	0	1	8	2	2	16	4	4	9	6	11

 

Population

Descriptions

 

Population Trend

 

Additional Information

BirdLife International

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Climate change species distributions

 

Other Information

• Detailed species account from Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status (BirdLife International 2004)